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Define Psychology, Anthropoloogy, Political science, economics, social work
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p. 3
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Social structure
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the organixed pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together constitute society
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troubles/issues
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truobles-personal
issues-society
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empirical
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conclusions are based on careful and systematic observations
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examples of social institutions
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family, religion, marriage, government, and the economy
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social interaction
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behavior between two or more people that is given meaning
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Enlightenment
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faith in the ability of human reason to solve societies problems
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Positivism
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scientific observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge.
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Social Facts
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social patterns that are external to individuals. (customs, social values)
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Verstehen
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understandin social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it.
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Pragmatism
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belief in practicality
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organic metaphor
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perspective that views society as an organism--changing
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Functionalism
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interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of the whole.
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manifest functions
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stated and inteded goals of social behavior
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Latent functions
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unintended consequences of behavior.
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Conflict theory
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emphasixes the role of coercion and power.
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Symbolic Interaction theory
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consideres immediate social interaction to be the place where "society" exists.
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feminist theory
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analyxes the status of women and men in society
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exchange theory
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argues that the behavior of individuals is determined by the rewards or punishments they recieve as they interact with others.
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Rational choice theory
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believes that the choices human beings mae are guided by reason
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Postmodernism
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based on the idea that society is no objective--it is found in the words and images that people use to represent behavior and ideas.
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Data
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systematic information used to investigate research questions
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Scientific method
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Observation, hypothesis testing, analysis of data and generalization
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Replication study
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research repeated on a different group
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Independent variable
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variable that the researcher wants to test
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dependent variable
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variable on which there is a presumed effect
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intervening variables
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variables that fall between the independent and dependent variables
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indicators
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something that points to or reflects an abstract concept
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Generalixation
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the ability to draw conclusions from specific data and be able to apply them to a broader population
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Closed/open questionares
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closed-fixed answers
open-can elaborate
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content analysis
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a way of measuring by the cultural artifacts of what people write, say, see, and hear
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evaluation research
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assesses the effect of policies and programs on people in society.
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policy research
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research that is intended to produce policy recommendations
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market research
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evaluates sales potential of some product or service.
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culture
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complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society
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Charicteristics of culture
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1.Culture is shared
2.Culture is learned
3.Culture is taken for granted
4.Culture is symbolic
5.Culture varies across time and place
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Cultural relativism
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idea that something can be understood and judged only in relationship to the cultural conext in which it appears.
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Language
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the set of symbols and rules that provide a complex communication system.
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Norms
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cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation
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Folkways
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general standards of behavior adhered to by a group
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Mores
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strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
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Laws
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written set of guidelines that define right and wrong in society
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social Sanctions
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mechanisms of social control hat enforce norms
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Ethnomethodology
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theoretical approach in sociology based on the idea you can discover the normal social order through disrupting it
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Beliefs
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Shared ideas held collectively by people within a given culture
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Values
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abstract standards in a society or group that define ideal principles
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Ethnocentrism
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the habit of seeing things only from the point of view of one's own group
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global culture
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diffusion of a sigle culture throughout the world
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Popular culture
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the beliefs, practices, and objects that are part of everyday traditions
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Mass media
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channels of communication available to wide segments of the population
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