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The writings of Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries did what for the world of literature?
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marked a shift from Latin to the vernacular; witnessed experimentation with new literary forms; marked a new interest in a variety of secular subjects
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Who served as models and inspirations to the English writers of the sixteenth century?
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Petrarch and Boccaccio
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What genre experienced a resurgance of writing?
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non-fiction
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When did the War of the Roses end?
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1485
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What brought about the decline of the influence of the Catholic Church in England?
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Henry VIII's need for a divorce, and the resulting Reformation
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When did the England defeat the Spanish Armada?
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1588
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What language began replacing Latin as the predominant language of serious writing?
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English
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Literacy increased due to the development of what?
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the printing press
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The literature of the 16th century was no longer limited to the church and court but instead had a (larger/smaller) circulation due to the invention of the printing press.
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larger
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What sparked the revival of classical learning after 1453?
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the manuscripts being brought to Europe by scholars who had escaped Constantinople after its fall in 1453.
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When did Constantinople fall?
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1453
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What were the two effects of ancient manuscripts being tanslated into English?
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classical standards were applied to works written int he vernacular; English humanists took interest in creating a new concept of a good life based on classical ethics
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During the 16th century, the recently acquired wealth of english gentlmen offered them what, impacting the literature of the period.
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oportunities to travel and encounter other cultuers
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What were the earliest English plays called?
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miracles and/or mysteries
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The earliest English plays developed from religious services, just like the plays dedicated to Dionysus, a god from _____.
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Ancient Greece
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Miracles and mysteries were originally performed where?
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inside churches
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What is the title of the most famous of the surviving morality plays, dating from the late 15th century?
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Everyman
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The short farcical plays performed for occasional relief from moral and religious plays were called what?
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interludes
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The renewed interest in Greek and Latin literature led to what?
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longer comedies based on Latin models
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What are two of the comedies based off of the Latin comedies based of the works of Plautus and Terence?
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Ralph Roister Doister (c. 1553), and Gammer Gurton's Needle (c. 1533)
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Who wrote Ralph Roister Doister in 1553?
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Nicholas Udall, a schoolmaster
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Who wrote Gammer Gurton's Needle in 1533?
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We don't know. It's an anonymous work.
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Latin tragedies were modeled after the tragedies of who?
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Seneca
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What was the title of the most famous of the tragedies modeled after Seneca?
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Gorboduc
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Who wrote Gorboduc?
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Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton
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Ralph Roister Doister, Gammer Gurton's Needle, and Gorboduc were written to be what?
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amateur performances by schoolboys or university students
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Gorboduc was written in _____, newly imported from Italy.
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blank verse
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Who built the first theatre in London?
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James Burbage
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What did James Burbage call his theatre?
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The Theatre
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List the London theatres in the order in which they opened: Blackfriars, Globe, Theatre.
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The Theatre, The Globe, then the Blackfriars
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What shape was The Theatre and the Globe Theatre?
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hexagonal
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How many galleries did the The Theatre and the Globe Theatre have?
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three levels
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What shape was the stage and the pit of The Theatre and the Globe?
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circular
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Who played female roles?
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young boys
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How was love expressed on stage?
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through language alone because the female roles were acted by young boys
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Were the costumes elaborate or minimal?
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elaborate
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Was the scenery elaborate or minimal?
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minimal
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Because plays were performed in daylight, playwrights had to compensate for lighting by using what?
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language and imagery (think the balcony scene in romeo and Juliet)
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Why did playwrights have to include language to take care of entrances, exits, and the removal of corpses?
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Because there were no curtains and they had no control of lighting (everything was performed in daylight)
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Why was the lack of scenery advantagious to playwrights?
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Changing scenes was very easy because there was minimal scenery to change
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When did William Shakespeare appear in London?
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around 1584
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Who especially prepared the way for Shakespeare to succeed on the stage?
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Marlowe
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How old was Marlowe when he died?
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29
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What verse style did Marlowe utilize in all of his plays?
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blank verse
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What theme did all of Matrlowe's plays focus on?
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a single individual with overreaching ambitions for which he was willing to die
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What was Marlowe's occupation when he wrote TAmburlaine?
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student
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The play, Dr. Faustus, was based off what?
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a Germanic legend
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What two things did Shakespeare learn from Marlowe?
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how to focus on a powerful character and how to handle blank verse
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How much do we know about Shakespeare's life?
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very little
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In what century was the first biography of Shakespeare written?
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18th century
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