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Cytoplasm
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All the living material (organelles and fluid) inside the cell, except the nucleus.
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Organelle
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A small part of the cell, usually enclosed by a membrane, that performs a specialized function.
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Cell Membrane
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Selectively permeable structure that encloses the cell's contents and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment. Also called the plasma membrane.
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Nucleus
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In eukaryotic cells, the double membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA, and thus controls the cell's activities.
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Nucleoli
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Irregular rounded structures in the nucleus. They are sites of RNA synthesis.
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Cytoplasm
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All the living material (organelles and fluid) inside the cell, except the nucleus.
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Organelle
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A small part of the cell, usually enclosed by a membrane, that performs a specialized function.
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Cell Membrane
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Selectively permeable structure that encloses the cell's contents and regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its environment. Also called the plasma membrane.
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Nucleus
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In eukaryotic cells, the double membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA, and thus controls the cell's activities.
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Nucleoli
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Irregular rounded structures in the nucleus. They are sites of RNA synthesis.
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Nuclear Envelope
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The double membrane boundary around the nucleus. It contains many pores to allow certain molecules to pass in and out
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Chromosome
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A rod-like group of genes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Tightly-coiled DNA, proteins
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Chromatin
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A stringy network of DNA and proteins in the nucleus. During mitosis and meiosis, it forms rods called chromosomes.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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A system of branching membranous channels located in the cytoplasm, which serves to transport materials within the cell. Rough ER contains ribosomes and are a site of protein synthesis. Smooth ER have no ribosomes and are a site of lipid synthesis
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Ribosome
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The protein factory of the cell; they are located on the ER or in the cytoplasm (composed of RNA and protein)
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Mitochondria
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Powerhouse of the cell; carry on cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells
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Cristae
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The foldings of the inner membrane in the mitochondria. ATP formation happens here
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Lysosome
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A membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes.
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Golgi Apparatus
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An organelle consisting of stacks of flattened sacs. It modifies and packages substances to be transported around and out of cells.
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Vacuole
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Organelle, common in plants, that stores food, water, waste products, etc.
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Phagocytic Vesicle
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Organelle which forms when the plasma membrane folds in as the cell engulfs larget extra-cellular particles during phagocytosis.
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Microtubules
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Tubular protein structures involved with chromosome movement during cell division. They compose the internal structure of cilia and flagella, and provide cell shape.
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Centrioles
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Animal cell structures made of microtubules; they organize microtubule assembly of the spindle during mitosis and meiosis
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Cytoskeleton
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A network of microtubules and other protein filaments that supports the cell structure and drives cell movement
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Cilia
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Short hairlike appendages specialized for motion. They enable some protista to move. They also move material along a cell or tissue.
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Function of Cell Wall
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Protection and support
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Function of Chloroplast
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Site of photosynthesis
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Function of Cilia and Flagella
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movement
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Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Transport system
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Function of Golgi Body
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Packages and secrete proteins
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Function of Lysosome
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Intracellular Digestion
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Function of Mitochondria
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Sites of cellular respiration
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Function of Nucleus
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Controls cell activities
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Function of Ribosomes
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Synthesis of protein
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Function of Vacuoles
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Storage
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Function of Cell Membrane
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Regulates transport of substances into/out of cell
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3 Basic Statements of The Cell Theory
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1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells and cell products are the basic units of structure and function in living things. 3. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
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Prokaryotic Cell
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A cell that does not have a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles. Monerans are comprised of this cell type
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Eukaryotic Cell
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A cell that contains a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; all kingdomw except monera contain this type of cell.
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Diffusion
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The movement of a substance from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration of the substance.
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Osmosis
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The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.
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Selectively Permeable
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Property of biological membranes that allows only selected substances to pass through.
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Active Transport
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The movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient; requires an input of cellular energy usually in the form of ATP.
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Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis
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Both are types of active transport; endocytosis is the uptake of materials by the cell (pinocytosis, phagocytosis); exocytosis is the release of materials from the cell into the environment when vesicles fuse with the membrane.
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Carbohydrate - list 5 examples and function in human body
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A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ration of 1:2:1 (glucose, fructose, starch, cellulose, glycogen) - human body's main energy source.
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Lipid - list 3 examples and function in human body
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Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Composed of 2 basic compounds - glycerol and fatty acides. (Fats, oils, waxes). Function: energy storage, cushioning, insulation.
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Protein - list 2 examples and function in human body
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An organic compound made of one or more polypeptide chains of amino acides (enzymes, gelatin, collagen, hemoglobin) Functions: structural components of cells, organic catalysts, antibodies, hormones.
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Nucleic Acid - list 2 examples and the function in human body
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Organic compound made of nucleotides. Ex.- DNA and RNA code instructions for protein synthesis.
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Three factors affecting enzyme function
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pH, Temperature, Relative amounts of substrate and enzyme
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Hydrolysis
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Catabolic reaction that splits apart molecules and consumes water.
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