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Anthropogenic
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human-induced changes on the natural environment
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Cartography
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Theory and practice of making visual representations of the earth's surface in the form of maps
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Cultural ecology
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The study of the interactions between societies and the natural environments they live in
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Cultural landscape
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the human-modified natural landscape specifically containing the imprint of a particular culture or society
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Earth system science
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Systematic approach to physical geography thats looks at the interaction between the earth's physical systems and the processes on a global scale
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Environmental geography
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The intersection between human and physical geography, which explores the spatial impacts humans have on the physical environment and vice versa
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Eratosthenes
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The head librarian at Alexandria during the 3rd century B.C. he was one of the first cartogrophers. Performed a remarkably accurate computation of the earths circumference. He is also credited with coining the term "geography"
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Fertile Crescent
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Name given to the crescent shaped area of the fertile land stratching from the lower Nile valley, along the east Mediterranean coast, and into Syria and present-day Iraq where the agriculture and early civilization first began about 8000 B.C.
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Geographical Information Systems
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(GIS) A set of computer tools used to capture, store, transform, analyze, and display geographic date
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Global Positioning System
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(GPS) A set of satelites used to help determin location anywhere ont the earth's surface with a portable electronic device
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Idiographic
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Pertaining to the unique facts or characteristics of a particular place
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George Perkins Marsh
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Inventor, diplomat, polotician, and scholar, his classic work, Man and Nature, or Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action, proved the first description of the extent to which natural systems had been impacted by human actions
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Natural landscape
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The physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities
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Nomothetic
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Concepts or rules that can be applied universally
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W. D. Pattison
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He claimed that geography drew from 4 distinct traditions: the earth-science, the culture-environment, the locational, and the area-analysis traditions
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Physical geography
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The realm of geography thats studies the structures, processes, distributions, and change through time of the natural phenomena of the earth's surface
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Ptolemy
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Roman geographer-astronomer and author of the Guide to Georgraphy, which included maps containing a grid system of latitude and longitude
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Qualitative Data
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Data associated with a more humanistic approach to geography, often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretation of texts, artwork, old maps, and other archives
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Quantitative Data
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Data associated with mathematical models and statistical techniques used to analyze spatial location and association
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Quantitative revolution
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A period in human geography associated with the widespread adoption of mathmatical models and statistical techniques
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Region
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A territory that encompasses many places that share similar attributes (may be physical, cultural, or both) in comparison with the atributes of places elsewhere)
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Regional Geography
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The study of geographical regions
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Remote sensing
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Observation and mathmatical measurement of the earth's surface using aircraft and satellites. The sensors include both photographic images, thermal images, multispectral scanners, and radar images
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Carl Saucer
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Geographer from UC @ Berkley who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis. This landscape results from the interaction between humans and the physical environment. Saucer argued that virtually no landscape has escaped alteration by human activity
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Sense of place
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Feelings evoked by people as a result of certain experiences and memories associated with a particular place
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Spatial perspective
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An intellectual framework thas looks at the particular locations of specific phenomena, how and why that phenomena is where it is, and, finally, how it is spatially related to phenomena in other places
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Sustainability
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The concept of using the earth's resources is such a way that they provide for people's needs in the preset without diminishing the earth's ability to provide for future generations
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Systematic geography
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The study of the earth's integrated systems as a whole, instead if focusing in a particular phenomena in a single place
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Thematic Layers
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Individual maps of specific feature that are overlaid on one another in a GIS to understand and analyze a spatial relationship
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Absolute Distance
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The distance that can be measured with a standard unit of length, such as a mile or kilometer
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Coordinate System
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A standard grid, composed of lines latitude and longitude, used to determin the absolute location of any object, place, or feature on the earth's surface
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Distance decay effect
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The decrease in the interaction between 2 phenomena, places, or people as the distance between them increases.
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Dot maps
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Thematic maps thats use points to show the precise locations od specific observations or occurances, such as crimes, car accidents, or births
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Expansion diffusion
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The spread of ideas, innovations, fashions, or other phenomena to surrounding areas through contact with exchange
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Friction of distance
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A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction beween two places
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Fuller projection
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A type of map projection that maintains the accurate size and shape of land masses but completely rearanges direction (n, s, e, and w)
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Geoid
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The actual shape of the earth, which is rough and oblate, or slightly squashed; the earth's circumference is slightly larger around the equator then it is along the meridians, from north to south
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Gravity model
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A mathmatical formula that describes the level of interaction between 2 places based on the size of their populationand their distance from one another
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Hazards
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Anything in the landscape, real or percieved, that is potentially threatening (usually avoided in spatial behavior)
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Hierarchical diffusion
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A type of diffusion in which something is transmitted between two places because of something they have in common
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International Date Line
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The line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian
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Intervening opportunities
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The idea that one place has a demand for some good or service and two places have a supply of equal price and quality, then the closer of the two suppliers to the buyer, will represent and intervening opportunity, thereby blocking the 3rd from being able to share its supply of goods and services. They are frequently utilized because transportation costs decrease with proximity
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Isoline
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Map line that connects point of equal or similar values.
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Large-scale
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A relatively small ratio between map units and ground units. They have a higher resolution and cover much smaller regions than small-scale maps.
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Lattitude
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The angular distance north or south of the equator, defined by lines of lattitude, or parrelles.
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Law of retail gravitation
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Law that states thats people will be drawn to larger cities to conduct their business because larger cities have a wider influence on the hinterlands that surround them
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Location charts
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Pn a map, a chart, or graph that gives specific statistical information of a particular political unit or juridsdiction.
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Longitude
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The angular distance east or west of the prime meridian, defined by lines of longitutde, or meridians.
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Map projection
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A mathmatical method that involves transfering the earth's sphere onto a flat surface.
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Mercator projection
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A true conformal cylindrical map projection is particularly useful for navigation because it maintains accurate direction.
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