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sound of mitral and tricuspid valve closure
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S1
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sound of aortic and pulmonary valve closure
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S2
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sound at end of rapid ventricular filling
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S3
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sound from high atrial pressure/stiff ventricle
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S4
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what is S3 associated with?
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dilated CHF, mitral/tricuspid regurgitation
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what is S4 (atrial kick) associated with?
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hypertrophic ventricle
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what is paradoxical splitting associated with?
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aortic stenosis, LBBB
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what is fixed splitting associated with?
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ASD
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holosystolic high pitched 'blowing murmur' loudest at apex
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mitral regurgitation
(tricuspid regurgitation)
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cresecendo-decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following ejection click
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aortic stenosis
(pulmonic stenosis)
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pulsus parvus et tardus
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pulses weak compared to heart sounds; seen in aortic stenosis
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holosystolic murmur
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VSD
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late systolic murmur with midsystolic click
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mitral prolapse
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immediate high-pitched blowing diastolic murmur; wide pulse pressure
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aortic regurgitation
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delayed rubbing late diastolic murmur that follows opening snap
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mitral stenosis
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how does the murmur in tricuspid stenosis differ from that of mitral stenosis?
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tricuspid stenosis differs because it gets louder with inspiration
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continuous machine-like murmur
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PDA
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when is the murmur associated with a PDA loudest?
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S2
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what does the P wave on EKG represent?
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atrial depolarization
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what does the PR segment on EKG represent? how long is it normally?
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conduction delay through AV node - normally <200 msec
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what does the QRS complex represent? how long is it normally?
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ventricular depolarization (<120 msec)
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what does the QT interval represent?
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mechanical contraction of the ventricles
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what does the T wave represent?
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ventricular repolarization
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why don't you see atrial repolarization on EKG?
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it is masked by the QRS complex
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what causes a U wave?
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hypokalemia
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