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teichoic acid is unique to what type of organisms?
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gram-positive
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endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane) is unique to what type of organisms?
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gram-negative
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what do teichoic acid and lipid A induce?
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TNF and IL-1
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space between the cytoplasmic membrane in gram-negative bacteria
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periplasm - contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including beta lactamases
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this mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces, e.g. indwelling catheters
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glycocalyx - made of polysaccharide
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this contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins
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plasmid - made of DNA
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what is the only gram-positive with endotoxin?
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listeria
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what is exotoxin made of?
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polypeptide
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what is endotoxin made of?
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lipopolysaccharide
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typical diseases with exotoxin?
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tetanus, botulism, diphtheria
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tpical diseases with endotoxin?
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meningococcemia, sepsis by gram-negative rods
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gram-negative cocci?
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neisseria
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these have a gram-negative cell wall but are too small to be seen with light microscope
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spirochetes - must be visualized with darkfield microscope
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no cell wall; neither gram-positive or gram-negative
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mycoplasma
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name the 6 classic gram-positives
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strep
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staph
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bacillus
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clostridium
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corynebacterium
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listeria
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lipopolysaccharide found in cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
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endotoxin - heat stable
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this bug inactivates elongation factor (EF-2), causes pharyngitis and pseudomembrane in throat
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corynebacterium diphtheriae
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ADP ribosylation of G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase, increasing pumping of Cl- and H20 into gut
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cholera
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what does e. coli heat-labile toxin stimulate?
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adenylate cyclase
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what does e. coli heat-stable toxin stimulate?
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guanylate cyclase
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what does bordatella pertussis stimulate?
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adenylate cyclase; also inhibits chemokine receptor
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double zone of hemolysis on blood agar?
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C. perfringens
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what does C. tetani block the release of?
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inhibitory NT glycine
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what does C. botulinum block the release of?
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acetylcholine
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what does shiga toxin do?
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cleaves host cell rRNA; also enhances cytokine release, causing HUS
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what type of bugs are rickettsia and chlamydia?
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intracellular parasites
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neisseria meningitidis ferments what?
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maltose and glucose
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neisseria gonorrhea ferments what?
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glucose
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what produces a blue-green pigment?
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pseudomonas
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what produces a red pigmetn?
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serratia maracescens
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IgA proteases allow what organisms to colonize mucosal surfaces?
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strep pneumo, neisseria meningitidis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, h. flu
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silver stain?
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fungi, PCP, legionella
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india ink?
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cryptococcus neofromans
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Ziehl-Neelsen stain?
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acid-fast baceria
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PAS stain?
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stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides; used to diagnose Whipple's disease
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Giemsa's stain?
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borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, chlamydia
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congo red?
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amyloid; apple-green birefringence in polarized light (because of beta-pleated sheets)
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chocolate agar with factors V and X?
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H. influenzae
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Thayer-Martin (VCN) agar?
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N. gonorrhoeae
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Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar?
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B. pertussis
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tellurite plate, Loffler's medium, blood agar?
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C. diphtheriae
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Lowenstein-Jensen agar?
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M. tuberculosis
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pink colonies on MacConkey's agar?
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lactose-fermenting enterics - Klebsiella, e. coli, enterobacter (fast); citrobacer, serratia (slow)
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charcoal yeast agar buffered with increased iron and cysteine?
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Legionella
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Sabouraud's agar?
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fungi
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