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accommodation
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process by which smaller society can preserve major features of its culture even after prolonged contact w/ larger culture
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acculturation
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process by which members of a civilization incorporate norms & values of other cultures
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achieved status
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position/rank earned through efforts of the individual
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age cohort
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set of ppl of @ same age passing through the life course together
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age grade
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set of statuses & roles based on age
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ageism
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ideology justifying prejudice & discrimination based on age
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agencies of socialization
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groups of ppl, along w/ interactions occurring w/in those groups, influencing a person's social development
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agents of socialization
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individuals who socialize others
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alienation
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feeling of powerlessness re: control of one's own destiny; a worker's feeling of powerlessness owing to inability to control work process
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animism
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form of religion: all forms of life & aspects of the earth are inhabited by gods/supernatural powers
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anomie
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state of normlessness
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anticipatory socialization
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prepares individual for a role he/she is likely to assume later in life
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ascribed status
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position/rank assigned to individual @ birth & cannot be changed
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assimilation
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pattern of intergroup relations: minority group is absorbed into majority pop.--> disappears as distinct group; process by which culturally distinct groups in larger civilization adopt norms, values, & language of host civilization & can gain equal statuses in its groups & institutions
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authority
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power considered legitimate by those who exercise it & those affected by it - governed by norms & statuses of organizations
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behaviorism
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thry: all behavior is learned &this learning occurs through conditioning
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bisexuality
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sexual orientation twd either sex
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bureaucracy
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formal organization characterized by clearly defined hierarchy w/ commitment to rules, efficiency, & impersonality
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capitalism
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system for organizing the production of goods & services - based on markets, provate property, & business firm/company
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caste
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social stratum into which ppl are born & in which they remain for life
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charisma
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special quality/"gift" motivating ppl to follow a particular leader
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charismatic authority
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authority coming to an individual through personal calling, often claimed t/b inspired by supernatural powers, legitimated by ppl's belief that the leader does indeed have God-given powers
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church
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religious organization w/ strong ties to the larger society
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citizenship
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status of membership in a nation-state
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civilization
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cultural complex formed by identical major cultural features of a number of societies
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civil religion
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collection of beliefs & rituals existing outside religious institutions
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civil society
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sphere of nongovernmental, nonbusiness social activity carried out by voluntary associations, congregations, etc.
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class
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social stratum defined primarily by economic criteria ie occupation, income, & wealth
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class consciousness
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group's shared subjective awareness of objective situation as a class
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closed question
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question requiring respondent to choose among a predetermined set of answers
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closed society
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society: social mobility does not exist
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closed stratification system
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stratification system: rigid boundaries b/w social strata
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collective behavior
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nonroutine behavior engaged in by large nos. of ppl responding to common stimulus
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communications media
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institutions specializing in communicating info, images, & values @ ourselves, our communitities, & our society
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community
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set of primary & secondary groups in which individual carries out imp. life functions
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conditioning
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shaping of behavior through reward & punishment
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confidentiality
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promise that info provided to researcher by respondent will not appear in any way that c/b traced to respondent
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conflict thry
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sociological perspective emphasizing role of conflict & power in society
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control group
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subjects not experiencing a change in independent variable
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controlled experiment
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researcher manipulates independent variable in order to observe & measure changes in dependent variable
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core state
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technologically advanced nation w/ dominant position in world economy
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correlation
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specific relationship b/w 2 variables
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counterculture
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subculture challenging accepted norms & values of larger society & est. alternative lifestyle
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crime
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act/omission of an act that is prohibited by law
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crowd
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large no. of ppl gathered together in close proximity to one another
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crude birthrate
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no. of births occurring during a year in a given pop, divided by midyear pop
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crude death rate
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no. of deaths occurring during a year in a given pop, divided by midyear pop
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cult
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new religion
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cultural evolution
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process by which successful cultural adaptations are passed down E 1 gen to next
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cultural lag
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time required for social institutions to adapt to a major technological change
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