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natural law
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The laws of nature, laws that you were born with. (aristotle)
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unitary government
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system of government in which a central authority holds all power.
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confederation government
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system of government in which decentralized units, such as states, are clearly dominant.
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delegated (enumerated) powers
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specific list of Congressional powers included in Article I of the Constitution; system in which a constitution lists what a limited government is allowed to do.
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separation of powers
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idea that different governmental powers should be placed in separate branches (or institutions) so that no one interest can monopolize governmental authority.
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checks and balances
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system in which each branch of government has the ability to limit powers possessed by other branches.
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New Federalism
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Nixon's attempt to return authority to the states.
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dual federalism
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federal system in which national powers and state powers are sharply differentiated.
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inalienable rights
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an extension of belief that there is natural law, (a law that cannot be taken away.
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Republican Government
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representative or indirect government, run by elected and appointed officials who vote and propose legislation for the public interest.
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Reserved Powers
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those powers which could only be be excersized by the state government
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Necessary and or Proper(elastic) powers
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gave congress some discretion to do that which was necessary to carry out their delegated powers.
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No corruption of blood
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comcept that when a person commits a crime it does not effect his family
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Extended Sphere
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(James madison in federalist 10) national govt. would be less subjest to the effects of factions because it was large.
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privileges and immunities clause
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requires each state to treat citizens of all states on an equal basis.
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Popular Sovereignty
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idea that citizens elect government officials.
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Denied powers
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powers that the national and/or state government could not excersize
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bicameral
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a legislature with two chambers.
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unicameral
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a legislature with only one chamber.
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nationalization period
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marked a substatial growth of the power of the national government, dominated by federalist supreme court under leadership of John Marshall.
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Secular government
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the seperation between church and state
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Antifederalists
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leaders in the debate over ratification who opposed the Federalists; often wanted to protect the power of state governments and therefore opposed the proposed Constitution.
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block grant
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general federal grants for whole areas of public policy; gives the recipient flexibility.
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Federalists
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leaders in the debate over ratification who favored a strong national government and therefore supported the proposed Constitution.
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Admendment
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A change or addition to the constitution
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Compromise
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When a disagreement is settled, each side gets part of what they wanted and give up part of what they wanted.
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Federal government
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A type of government where the some of the power is at the national level and some of the power is at the state level.
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concurrent powers
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Powers shared and exercised jointly under the Constitution by both national and state governments. Examples include taxation and law enforcement.
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democracy
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Form of government in which political control is exercised by all the people, either directly or through their elected representatives.
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monarchy
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Government in which political power is exercised by a single ruler under the claim of divine or hereditary right.
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social contract theory
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Agreement among all the people in a society to give up part of their freedom to a government in return for protection of their natural rights. A theory developed by Locke to explain the origin of legitimate government.
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repeal
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to revoke or annul (a law, tax, duty, etc.) by express legislative enactment; abrogate.
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elite
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a group of persons exercising the major share of authority or influence within a larger group
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abolish
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to do away with; put an end to; annul; make void
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oligarchy
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a form of government in which all power is vested in a few persons or in a dominant class or clique; government by the few.
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aristocracy
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a governing body composed of those considered to be the best or most able people in the state.
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charter
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a document defining the formal organization of a corporate body; constitution:
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theocracy
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a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God's or deity's laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities.
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Ratify
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to confirm by expressing consent, approval, or formal sanction:
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Full faith and credit clause
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the concept that each state will honor the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state.
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competitive federalism
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period in the 90's, there was an increased competition between states and the national government to exert influence and power.
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creative federalism
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the 5th period under president john F. kenedy's new frontier and president lyndon johnson's great society
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cooperative federalism
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president roosevelt, increased cooperation made necessary because of great depression
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classical republicanism
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is the form of republicanism that began in classical antiquity and was revived and revised during the Renaissance.
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categorical grant
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federal grants that the national government determines the purposes, or categories, for which the money should be used.
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popular consent (legitimacy)
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whether or not people accept the validity of a law or ruling or the validity of a governing regime.
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federal revenue sharing
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giving an annual share of the federal tax revenue to the States and their cities, counties, isthmuses and townships.
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Divine right of kings
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monarch owes his rule to the will of God, not to the will of his subjects, parliament, the aristocracy or any other competing authority.
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letters of marque and reprisal
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an official warrant authorizing the designated agent to search, seize, or destroy specified assets or personnel belonging to a party which had committed some offense under the laws of the nation
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