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What is the most effective treatment for smoking cessation?
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Nicotine replacement therapy AND Behavioral intervention
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What clinical test was developed on the basis of empirical criterion keying? What is empirical criterion keying?
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MMPI-2; Empirical criterion keying is a method of choosing items for a test on the basis of the items ability to distinguish between groups (i.e., depressed vs. nondepressed)
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Diagnostic Overshadowing
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Therapist tendency to attribute all of pt's problems to diagnosis
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What is the greatest risk factor for childhood depression?
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Parental depression
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Directed Awareness
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From Perls, the technique emphasizing increasing the client's awareness of psychological needs, feelings, and physical processes. Awareness in and of itself is therapeutic.
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Health Belief Model
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Health s are influenced by: 1. Readiness to take action = perceived susceptibility to the illness & perceived severity of the consequences; 2. Evaluation of costs and benefits of making a response; 3. Internal & external cues to action that trigger response
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Double-Bind Communication
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Communication characterized by contradictory aspects of the same message; e.g., a contradiction between verbal communication and body language.
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What is the most effective way for the police to deal with domestic violence?
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Arresting the perpetrator results in the lowest rate of recidivism
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4 stages of Homosexual Identity Development Model (Troiden)
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4 Stages: 1. Sensitization 2. Identity Confusion 3. Identity Assumption 4. Identity Commitment
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Relationship of psychology to cancer onset and recovery
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Unrelated to onset but positively related to recovery and quality of life
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Effects of Psychotherapy Stages (Howard et al)
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1. Remoralization 2. Remediation 3. Rehabilitation
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Dose Dependent Effect (Howard et al)
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26 sessions = 75% show improvement 52 sessions = 85%
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Stages of change
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1.) Precontemplation - no change considered; 2.) Contemplation - aware of need but not committed; 3.) Preparation - clear intent to take action; 4.) Action Maintenance
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CBT approach to panic disorder
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Identifying and modifying interpretation of attacks and associated physical symptoms
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Relationship between therapy and outcome
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Moderate overall, but stronger when the symptoms are severe
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White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms)
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6 Stages: 1. Contact 2. Disintegration 3. Reintegration 4. Pseudo-independence 5. Immersion-Emersion 6. Autonomy
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Sexual Prejudice & Heterosexism (Herek)
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Sexual Prejudice = Homophobia (broader) Heterosexism = degrades any nonheterosexual behavior
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Humanistic Psychology
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Sometimes referred to as the "third force," humanistic schools of psychology emphasize the individual's inherent capacity for growth, creativity, and self-actualization. The focus is usually on the person's here-and-now state.
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Parallel Process
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Parallel process is a phenomenon in clinical supervision where the therapist in training behaves toward the supervising therapist in ways that mirror how the client is behaving toward the therapist in training.
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Use: CPI (California Psychological Inventory)
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Broad personality test for non-pathologic individuals
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reaction formation
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Defense in which an anxiety provoking impulse is replaced by its opposite. Ex: hatred by oversolicitude. Typical of obsessive disorders
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In the symmetrical pattern of communication…
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there is equality between the two parties (which can result in competition and conflict)
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Existential Therapy
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Struggle between individual and "ultimate concerns" of existence (death, meaninglessness, etc.) Two types of anxiety: normal (existential) anxiety and neurotic anxiety
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Primary Prevention
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Interventions, usually on a community-wide scale, aimed at preventing disorders by reducing the incidence of new cases.
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Projection
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Defense attributing unacceptable wishes to another. Includes prejudice and hypervigilance: the other person carries the guilt
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In the complimentary pattern of communication…
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there is inequality between the partners, with one assuming the dominant role
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Primary Prevention
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Interventions, usually on a community-wide scale, aimed at preventing disorders by reducing the incidence of new cases.
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Fixation
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Defense: Return to an earlier stage of development under stress
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projective identification
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Defense: projection of unwanted aspects of self onto another creating a sense of oneness
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Transactional Analysis: Who, What, How
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WHO = Eric Berne. WHAT = Ego States: child, parent, adult. Interactions (transactions) are primarily between ego states. Strokes: positive or negative recognition from others. Scripts: person's life plan, characteristic pattern of giving and receiving strokes. 4 Life Positions: 1) I'm OK - You're OK; 2) I'm OK - You're not OK, etc. All children begin in 1st life position, then modified by parenting. Transactions: Complementary, Crossed (adult:child), Ulterior (dual message) Games: Ulterior transactions ("Now I've Got You, You SOB"). HOW = Alter maladaptive life positions and life scripts and integrate three ego states.
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According to psychotherapy outcome research, what percentage of therapy clients shows measurable improvement?
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75%
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The incidence of OCD is: A.) The same for males and females across all ages. B.) About twice as common in males than females. C.) Higher among boys but about equal among adult males and females. D.) Higher among girls but about equal among adult males and females.
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C: Males: peak onset is between ages 6-15 Females: peak onset is between 20-29.
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A man is referred for psychotherapy by his physician after ruling out sleep apnea and other medical conditions. The patient reports having vivid frightening dreams, restless sleep, chronic fatigue, and a history of alcohol abuse. His diagnosis is likely: A.) Narcolepsy, B.) Insomnia, C.) Alcohol-induced sleep disorder, D.) Persistent alcohol-induced sleep disorder
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C: Sleep can be disturbed as a result of both alcohol intoxification and alcohol withdrawal. Initially, alcohol produces a sedative effect with increased sleepiness. However, after 3-4 hours of sleep, there is an increase in wakefulness, restless sleep, and REM, often accompanied by a vivid anxiety-laden dream for the remainder of the sleep period. Primary insomnia is not due to the direct effects of a substance and is not typically associated with vivid frightening dreams. Choice D is not a DSM-IV diagnosis.
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Although considered to be an effective treatment for severe and treatment-resistant depression, ECT often produces adverse side effects including: A.) temporary retrograde amnesia B.) permanent retrograde amnesia C.) patchy anterograde amnesia D.) patchy anterograde amnesia and temporary retrograde amnesia
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D: the anterograde amnesia can last up to 6 months and the retrograde amnesia is usually limited to the events that occurred several months prior to the ECT.
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Research on Asians show the best predictor of higher achievement is:
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fear of failure
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What do most psychotherapists report as the primary source of stress from their work?
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lack of therapeutic success
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According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, individuals who reach stage 5 base their moral judgments on: A.) Empathy, B.) Autonomous morality, C.) Democratic laws, D.) Universal ethical principles
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C: Stage 5 begins the post-conventional level of moral devt. A person in this stage seeks to uphold democratically-determined laws, but recognizes that laws can be ignored or changed for a valid reason. Choice D is more characteristic of Stage 6 in Kohlberg's model in which morality transcends legal standards. Choice B (Autonomous morality) is used by Piaget denoting the stage when children recognize that rules are determined by agreement and are alterable.
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Kernberg's account of BPD
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Results from failure to develop appropriate introjects as a result of parental psychopathology or abuse. Characterized by splitting, aggression and unstable self-image
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Types of Self-Control Techniques
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1.) Self-Monitoring = (minor and short-term effects) & 2.) Stimulus Control = modifying existing S-R relationship, or creating a new one; examples: narrowing, cue strengthening, competing responses. Most useful when implemented at the beginning of a response chain.
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Research shows that new immigrants to the US are most likely to experience symptoms of psychiatric disorders at what point:
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About one or two years after they arrive in the US (related to the "social displacement syndrome")
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Symmetrical vs. Complimentary Communication
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Communication patterns can be characterized as either symmetrical or complimentary. In symmetrical communication there is equality between the partners, however, this can result in competition and conflict. In the complimentary communication pattern there is inequality, with one partner taking a dominant role and the other a subordinate role.
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What are the 3 factors involved in Hypnotherapy?
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Three factors involved: 1) absorption, 2) dissociation, 3) suggestibility. Individuals have greater confidence in memories retrieved under hypnosis, but memories are likely to be distorted. Used for: dissociative disorders, PTSD, habit or self control disorders (smoking, overeating, substance use), phobias, and generalized anxiety. Contraindicated for: psychotic disorders, paranoid and suspicious patients, OCD traits. Also, severely depressed and manic patients are hard to hypnotize. Few studies comparing with other treatments.
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When is Biofeedback most successful?
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Used for psychophysiological disorders (e.g., hypertension, headaches, ulcers). For many problems, not much more effective than relaxation training. However, it's the treatment of choice for fecal incontinence and Raynaud's disease. EMG biofeedback for tension headaches. Skin Temperature biofeedback for migraines.
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Tertiary Prevention
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Elimination or amelioration of the residual disability after the onset of the illness.
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CBT techniques: Paradoxical Intention
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Instructing clients to do or wish for the things they fear. Prescribing the symptom. Purpose is to circumvent anticipatory anxiety. Most commonly used to treat insomnia. Results are mixed.
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Therapy Outcome Studies
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Research on the differences among various treatments for specific disorders, and the interactive variables which predict therapy success, such as the necessity for a working alliance, therapist variables, patient variables, and the patient-therapy interaction.
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Weitz found in his research on therapy outcomes for children & adolescents:
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therapy is more beneficial for adolescents than children, especially among girls
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During an initial session with an adult client, you realize that you are already treating her mother. The primary problem with continuing to see this new client has to do with: A.) Confidentiality, B.) Multiple relationships, C.) Conflict of interest, D.) Countertransference
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C: Conflict of interest. Multiple relationships refers to having more than one type of relationship with the same person, for example, if a psychologist were to see one of his current students in psychotherapy.
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Stages in Prochaska and DeClemente's Transtheoretical Model of Change
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1) Precontemplation: little insight of need for change 2) Contemplation: considering change (in the next 6 months) but not committed to it. 3) Preparation: clear intent to take action within the next month; may have begun taking small steps. 4) Action: considerable time and energy devoted to change; obvious to others 5) Maintenance: change has lasted 6 months, person consolidating change and taking steps to prevent relapse. May last as long as a lifetime.
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A couple comes to therapy complaining that all their conversations end in arguments. This is characteristic of which pattern of communication? Symmetrical Complimentary Pseudohostility Mystification
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A: Symmetrical. Communication patterns can be characterized as either symmetrical or complimentary. In symmetrical comm. there is equality between the partners, however, this can result in competition and conflict. In complimentary comm. there is inequality and one partner takes the dominant role and the other a subordinate role. Pseudohostility presents as superficial bickering in order to avoid real conflicts. In mystification, the person uses denial to mask what is really going on.
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