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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Normal functioning of the lungs depends on what three factors?
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patent respiratory tree, functioning alveoli system, well functioning cardiovascular system
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What is meant by a patent respiratory tree?
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open, able to move air. If there is an occlusion or obstruction it is not patent and will have a negative impact on the respiratory sys.
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What is the main function of the upper airway?
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warms air, humidifies, filters air, and helps get microorganisms out
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What are cilia and what are their main function?
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hair like projections in the airway that help get contaminants out of the respiratory tree.
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What are the functions of mucus and coughing?
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Mucus helps to capture microbs while coughing helps move secretions out.
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What helps to thin mucus in the lungs?
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Hydration
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What is the function of surfactant?
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helps to keep the alveoli open/inflated and decreases surface tension
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What is ventilation?
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the movement of air in and out of the lungs
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define/describe inhalation
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active process, muscles contract, diaphragm moves down, pressure goes down and air rushes in
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define/describe exhalation
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passive process, muscles relax, diaphragm moves up, pressure goes up and air rushes out
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What are 3 factors that affect respiration?
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Accessory muscles, lung compiance, and airway resistance
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What are the accessory muscles and what do they do?
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They are the abdominal, intercostal, and sternocleidomastoid muscles which help the distressed pt. move air
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What is lung compliance?
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elasticity of lungs to expand; how easily the lungs expand. Decreased lung compliance means decreased elasticity
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What factors affect lung compliance?
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chest wall factors (position of the body-MS, obesity, lying in bed, etc.) and lung factors (problems in the lungs- pneumonia, fibrosis, pulmnary edema, etc.)
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What is atelectasis?
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decreased expansion of the lungs
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What is pleural effusion?
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collection of fluid between lung and chest wall. Fluid collapses the lungs.
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What is pulmonary edema?
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fluid inside the respiratory tree such as with lf. side heart failure- blood gets backed up into the lungs and dumped into the alveoli because heart can't pump it out properly.
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What is pulmonary fibrosis or pulmonary htn?
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after an injury occurs fibrin and collagen are laid down to repair which toughens lung tissue and decreasing compliance
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What is pneumothorax?
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a collapse of a portion of lung with air in the pleural space
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What is hemothorax?
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blood in the pleural space
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What can cause airway resistance?
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any obstructions to airflow: narrowed tube, tumor, infection, secretions, edema, foreign objects, bronchial constriciton, etc.
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define diffusion
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movement of SOLUTES from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
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define osmosis
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movement of SOLVENT from and area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration
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define perfusion
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movement of fluid (blood) through or into a system (blood entering vessels through walls)
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Diffusion and perfusion are interrelated, therefore can you have one without the other?
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Yes, it is possible to have diffusion but not perfusion however diffusion will not be effective. For example air is moving into the lungs, but there is a blocked area of tissue so perfusion is not happening
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What things effect diffusion in the lungs?
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surface area (less area = less diffusion), disease, and a decrease in environmental O2
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What types of things can affect the amount of surface area in the lungs?
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body position, tumor, lung collapse, lung removal, muscus plug, immobility, etc.
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How is oxygen transported through the body?
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97% is attached and transported via hemoglobin and 3% is dissolved into plasma
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The amount of oxygen that binds to hgb depends on what?
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PaO2 : more PaO2 the more oxygen that attached to Hgb
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What is a normal PaO2?
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between 80-100mmhg
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At a PaO2 of 60mmhg how saturated are the Hbg with oxygen (SaO2)?
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90%
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What is hypoxemia?
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decreased O2 in blood and causes hypoxia
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What is hypoxia?
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decreased O2 in the tissues
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What are some sx/s of hypoxia?
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cyanosis, pale coloration of skin, apprehensive, restless, confused, c/o dyspnea
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What controls respirations in a healthy person?
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CO2: CO2 crosses the bbb and mixes with H2O. H+ ions increase which causes faster breathing.
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What controls respriation in a nonhealthy person?
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O2 : since a nonhealthy person lives with high levels of CO2 because of the build up, O2 must therefor control the respiratory drive. Low levels of O2 increases breathing
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Why is it important to monitor a pt. with COPD who is on oxygen?
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Because if the O2 levels get too high then their respriatory drive is not triggered and the pt. can stop breathing
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What are two ways of measuring O2 in the blood?
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ABG (arterial blood gas) and Pulse oximeter (saturation of O2)
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What are the normal ranges of PaO2 and PaCO2?
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PaO2:80-100mmhg
PaCO2:35-45mmhg |
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What does and ABG tell us?
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How well diffusion is functioning in the lungs
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What would a venus draw(VBG) tell us?
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how much O2 is being used by the tissues; tells us the O2 demand in the peripheries
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True or false?ABG will help us make critical decisions and tells us if the pt. needs O2 therapy.
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True
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What is a normal level on a pulse ox?
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95-100% but anything over 90% is good
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True or false? pulse ox will help us make critical decisions and tells us if the pt. needs O2 therapy.
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False. It does not help make critical decisions, but may determine if a ABG is needed
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How can a pulse ox give a misreading of O2 saturation?
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If Hgb is low but still 90% saturated it could read 90%SaO2 when the pt. is actually hypoxic or hypoxemic because of the low Hbg levels
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What types of pts need O2 therapy?
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if they are hypoxic or hypoxemic, someone with a non-respiratory problem and demands more O2 to the tissues such as a febrile pt, someone with low levels of Hgb such as with blood loss or burn victims, someone with reduced O2 carrying ability such as a post-op pt, someone with decreased cardiac output
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What is the % of O2 (fraction of inspired air FiO2) in room air?
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21%
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True or false? If over 2L/min of O2 is delivered then it needs to be humidified.
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True
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True or false? you need a dr. order to humidify but not to administer O2.
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False. Oxygen is considered a drug and you need a dr.s order for it however you do not need an order to humidify
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Up to how many L of O2 can be given with nasal prongs?
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6L/min
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simple face mask
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delivers 5-8L/min O2, 40-60% FiO2, fits snugly, has vents to pull in room air and expel CO2
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Partial rebreather
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has reservoir bag and vents, needs humidity, delivers 5-11 L/min O2, 60-75% FiO2,
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Non-rebreather
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same as partial rebreather except it has vents, prevents outside air and exhaled CO2 from mixing with O2, needs to be monitored, delivers 6-15 L/min O2, 80-90% FiO2
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Venti mask
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only delivers up to 50% FiO2 but is more accurate than other masks because you can control the amount of O2 and room air that is given
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What are 5 precautions when using oxygen?
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1. no open flames 2. make sure electrical equ. is working properly 3. don't use metallic tools 4. avoid oils 5. avoid static electricity
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