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"philos"
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love
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"sophia"
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wisdom
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metaphysics:
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-study of being
-what is reality?
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epistemology:
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-study of knowledge
-what is true knowledge? NOT beleifs.
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ethics:
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-right vs wrong
-what is right?
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logic:
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'logos'- thought, word, idea, explaination
-study of thinking (good thinking vs bad thinking)
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political thoery:
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-justice
-what is the best form to govern a society?
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argument:
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the basic building block of logic
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conclusion:
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the statement that other statements are trying to prove
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premise:
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the REASONS the argument gives to believe the conclusion
-argument an be OK with just one, but most good ones have two
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propositional form:
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-important part of standardizing an argument
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proposition:
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-statement that can be true or false
-NOT questions, interjections, imperatives or commands
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valid:
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-premises DEMANDS truth of the conclusion
-pemises do NOT have to be true
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sound:
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if an argument is valid AND the premises are true
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A->B
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EVERY TIME A is true, B is true
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"Only if"
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~B -> ~A
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A -> B (positive valid)
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B / A
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A -> B (negative valid)
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~B / ~A
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The Milesans consisted of who?
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Thales, teacher of
Anaximander, teacher of
Anaximenes
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what do the Milesians agree on?
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-cosmos began as a single stuff that changed and became the universe
-original material has w/i its own source of moition and change
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what is the Milesians veiwpoint called?
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-material monism
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Who predicted an eclipse?
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Thales.... also, boughth a crop of olives to become wealthy just to show others
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what did Thales believe the "stuff" to be?
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water
-and he said earth ress or floats on water
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why did THales believe it to be water?
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-saw the nourishment of all things moist
-seeds of all things have a moist nature
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what did thatels believe about the soul?
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that all things were full of gods
-belived it was something that produced motion, like a magnet
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Anaximander:
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-said to have been the first person to construct a map of the world
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why didn't anaximander believe everything to be water?
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-becausehe said it was too definate to be somethin else
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What was "stuff" for anaximander?
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-boundless and in motion
-gave rise to hot and cold
-was the first to call it indefinate
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what did anamiander believe about the sun and animals?
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-sun was the same size as the earth
-first animals were born from moisture in thorny barks
- believed humans to come from other animals
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Anaximenes called the stuff:
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aer: a dense mist
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qualities of aer:
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-finer: fire
-denser: wind, clouds, water, etc
-always moving
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Pathagoras:
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-settled in Croton
-founded a philosophical community
-starved to death in a temple after an uprising
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Philisosphical Pythagoras:
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-originator of important Pythegorean doctrine of the transmigration of souls
-sometime after his death his diciples split into two groups
(akousmatiki- religion and propoer way to live; mathematiki- philosophy and math)
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What did Pathagoras believe?
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-that number was the key to understand the cosmos
-limiters and unlimiteds (harmonia)
-it is knowable
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What did Pathagoras believe about life after death?
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-that souls turned into animal
-things that happen reccur at certain intervals
-nothing is new
-all things alive are kin
-don't eat fallen food cuz it fell on someones death
-black is evil; white is good
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What did Pythagorus say about himself?
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-he asked Hermes (dad) to retain memory of both alive and dead
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akousmata:
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-some indicated what something is
-some indicate what is greatest degree
-some indicate what must or must not be done
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tetractys:
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-first 4 numbers = 10
-source of ever flowing nature
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harmonia:
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fourth, fifth and octave
-five tones, two semitones
three tones, one semitone
two tones, one semitone
3:4 3:2 2:1
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Heraclitus:
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-logos
-argued that there is a single divine law of the universe
-link b/t divine logos and souls of ppl
-believed opposites to be a unity, so what is is also what is not
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What did heraclitus argue against Pythagoras?
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much learning does not teach understanding
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what was Heraclitus veiw on mankind?
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-said ppl are dumb and have a bad nature
-knowledge of most people is belief
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parmindides
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-student of xenophanes but 'did not follow him'
-no general agreement of his theory
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what did Parmedines believe?
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--genuine thought and knowledge canm only be about what is
-rejected the 'beliefs of mortals'
-what is must be whole, complete, unchanging and one
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parmedines litteraure:
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-goddess gave him cosmological account of the universe
-Doxa- decptive
-belive the changing world to be unreal?
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Parmidenes said:
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-destruction is unheard of
-it is not divided since it is all alike
-it is all full of what is
-and is continuous
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Zeno:
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-young lover of Parmedines
-resisted tyranny even though tortured
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Zenos framework:
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-explored Parms ideas
-shows that neither plurality or motion is compatable requirements for being: things would be both alike and unlike
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How does Zeno demostrate his beliefs?
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-midpoint argument and 'Achilles'
-paradox exists (to Heraclitus)
-time is composed of many 'nows,' and in the now motion is motionless
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Zeno also said:
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place is a place there fore it does not exist; therefore it is infinate
-bushell of seeds sould make the same noise as one
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