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solutions are made up of a fluid called a _________ with particles dissolved in the fluid which are called _________.
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solvent, solute
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In the body our solvent is made up of ________ and the solute is made up of ________ and _________.
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water, electrolytes and nonelectrolytes
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electrolytes dissociated into electrically charged atoms are called __________.
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ions
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positively charged ions are called what?
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cations
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negatively charged ions are called what?
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anions
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Do nonelectrolytes such as urea have charge?
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no, they do not have electrical properties
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How much of our body weight is water?
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60%
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What two major compartments are body fluids located within?
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Intracellular & extracellular compartments
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extracellular fluid is made up of ________ fluid and _________ fluid.
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interstitial, intravascular
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Where are trascellular fluids found?
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cerebropinal, digestive, synovial
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How much fluid is normally lost each day and how?
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2500cc/day. Loss is sensible fluid loss (from urination, bowel elimination, etc.) and insensible fluid loss (perspiration and breathing)
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What are three types of passive transport systems used to move F & E?
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diffusion, osmosis, filtration
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diffusion is the movement of a ________ from and area of ________ concentration to an area of __________ concentration.
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solute, higher, lower
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osmosis is the movement of a ________ from and area of ________ concentration to an area of ________ concentration.
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solvent, lower, higher
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The sodium-potassium pump in the cell membrane allows movement of sodium and potassium and is an example of what type of transport system?
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Active transport
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Active transport requires ______ to function.
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ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
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Accross cell membranes sodium-potassium pumps allow the movement of sodium _______ and potassium _______.
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out, in
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True or False? The total number of cations and the total number of anions are different from each other.
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False, you should have the same amount of cations as anions.
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Where do electrolytes come from and what do they do?
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They come from minerals from foodstuffs and play a key role in bodily function
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What major electrolytes make up ICF (intracellular fluid)?
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K+, Mg2+ and PO4
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What major electrolytes make up extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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Na+, Cl-, HCO3
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What is an example of electrolyte function in cellular processes?
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The sodium-potassium pump
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What types of things can cause an electrolyte imbalance?
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inadequate intake, actual loss from the body, dislocation of the electrolyte (shift to third space such as during edema)
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Two most common electrolyte imbalances are _________ during when there is an excess and _________ during when there is a deficit.
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hyper, hypo
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True or False? The location of body electrolytes may change to assist in maintaining equilibrium of body electrolytes at the expense of maintaining correct ration between fluid compartments.
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True
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What are the four major control mechanisms to regulate the ECF volume?
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Baroreceptors, volume receptors, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism and antidiuretic hormone.
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How do baroreceptors control ECF volume?
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They respond to a fluid deficit by constricting the kidney's afferent arterioles, thus raising BP.
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how do volume receptors control ECF volume?
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they respond to fluid excess in the atria and great veins by causeing a strong renal response that increases urine output, thus decreasing the ECF.
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Briefly, how does the RAAS work?
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When BP or ECF drops renin is released which triggers the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II which is a powerful vasoconstrictor. Then angioII triggers the release of aldosterone which controls Na+ & K+ levels in the blood and thus increase ECF volume.
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the _______ ________ in order to restore ____________ fluid volume.
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pituitary gland, intravascular
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What are normal, hyper and hypo potassium serum levels?
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normal: 3.5-5.3 mEq/L
Hyperkalemia: >5.3
Hypokalemia: <3.5
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K+ is the most abundant cation in body cells. How much is found in ICF compared to ECF?
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97% is found in ICF where only 2-3% is found in ECF
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True or False? Rarely does hyperkalemia or hypokalemia ever cause cardiac arrest.
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False, both can cause cardiac arrest because the heart needs K+ for conduction of nerve impulses and contracting of the heart muscle.
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Name some foods rich in potassium.
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Bananas, raisins, avacados, broccoli, potatoes, strawberries, OJ
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True or False? Hypokalemia is more common than Hyperkalemia.
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True, Hyperkalemia is usually only seen in people with kidney failure.
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What are some causes of Hypokalemia?
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GI losses, dietary changes, renal losses, cellular damage, & redistributions of K+
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True or False? 80-90% of K+ is exreted in stools.
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False, 80-90% of K+ is exreted by the kidneys in urine and this is why decreased renal function is the #1 cause for hyperkalemia.
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What are some causes of Hyperkalemia?
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excessive K+ intake, decreased renal function, taking K+ sparing diuretics, altered cellular function, or hormonal deficiency.
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What are some signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia?
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Nausea, vomiting, abd. distention, dysrrhythmias, MI, polyria, malaise, drowsiness, confussion, resp paralysis, muscle cramps etc
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What are some signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia?
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abd cramps, tachycardia, eventually bradycardia & MI, oliguria/anuria, numbness, tingling, muscle cramps, etc.
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What things can be done to correct hyperkalemia?
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restrict intake of K+, IV Na HCO3, Ca gluconate, combo of insulin & glucose, Kayexalate enema, K+ wasting diuretics, etc.
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What things can be done to correct hypokalemia?
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add K+ to IV
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The kidneys maintain homeostasis through excretion or absorption of H2O and ________ from renal tubules.
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sodium
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What are the functions of sodium?
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Neuromuscular conductor, osmolarity of body fluids, Na+ pump action, Acid-based levels
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What is the normal serum level of sodium?
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135-146mEq/L
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What some functions of Chloride?
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osmolality of ECF, body water balance, acid-base balance, acidity of gastric juice
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True or False? You will usually have a loss of potassium with a loss of chloride.
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True
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What are some causes of hypochloremia?
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vomiting, kidney disorders, diuretics, hormone problems, altered cellular function
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What is the normal serum level for chloride?
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95-108mEq/L
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What is the normal serum level for Ca+?
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4.5-5.5mEq/L
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