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Language Learning Milestones
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12 months: First word
12 - 18 months
One-word stage: One word = sentence
“Out!” “No!”
18 - 24 months
Vocabulary “explosion”
Telegraphic speech
Two words, like a telegraph: “Want cookie!”
2 - 4 years
Initial sentence construction, even few words are syntactically correct.
More verbose sentences
4 - 5 years -- beyond that, refinement
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Joint Attention
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"show be the blicket" and baby can remember whether the parent was talking about the object or something across the room
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Mutual Exclusivity
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Pewter Cup vs Pewter tongs
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Linguistic Context
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bowl of confettii - can you see the seb? can you any seb? can you see any sebbing?
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mental rotation
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takes longer to rotate something more degrees - like those blocks you have to rotate to tell if they are the same
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mental scanning
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takes longer to get to mental places if it is a long way in real life, think the picture of the island
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Mental Set
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Tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past.
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Functional Fixedness
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lamp out of matchbox - assign certain uses for obejcts, hard to imagine them being used a differnt way
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Illusory Correlation
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the perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists, who is more good? group a or b? Librarians are quiet - more likely to remember things that are distictive
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Out-Group Homogeneity
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Tendency to perceive more diversity within one’s in-group than in an out-group. “They’re all alike.”
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In-Group Favoritism
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Tendency to favor individuals within one’s in-group
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Stereotype threat
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when knowledge of the “threat” of being stereotyped affects someone’s behavior
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Realistic conflict theory
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Competition for limited resources fosters prejudice
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Social identity theory
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Prejudice stems from a need to to enhance self-esteem
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syntax
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– rules that govern the order of words
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generativity
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the symbols of a language can be combined to generate an infinite number of messages that have novel meaning
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displacement
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language allows us to communicate about events and objects that are not physically present
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surface structure
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symbols that are used and their order
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deep structure
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underlying meaning of the combined symbols
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phoneme
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the smallest unit of sound that is recognized as separate in a given language
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morphemes
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smallest units of meaning in a language
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discourse
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sentences are combined into paragraphs, conversations and so fourth
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pragmatics
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a knowledge of the practical aspects of using language
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language acquisition device (LAD)
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an innate biological mechanism that contains the general grammatical rules common to all languages
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Language acquisition support system (LASS)
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to represent factors in the social environment that facilitate the learning of a language
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Linguistic relativity hypothesis (whorf)
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language not only influences but also determines what we are capable of thinking
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Propositional thought
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expresses proposition or statement
o Concepts – basic units of semantic memory metal categories into which we place objects, activities, abstractions and events that have essential features in common
o Prototypes – the most typical and familiar members of a category or class
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Imaginal thought
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consists of images that we can see hear or feel in out mind
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Motoric thought
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related to mental representations of motor movements
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Deductive reasoning vs Inductive reasoning
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Deductive reasoning – we reason from the top down, that is, from general principals to a conclusion about a specific case
Inductive reasoning - we reason from the bottom up, starting with specific facts and trying to develop a single principal
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Belief bias
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tendency to abandon logical rules in favor of our own personal beliefs
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Four steps to problem solving
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- Understanding or framing the problem
- Generate potential solutions
- Test the solutions
- Evaluate results
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Mental set
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tendency to stick to solutions that have worked in the past
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Algorithms
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formulas or procedures that automatically generate the correct solution
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Heuristics
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general problem solving strategies that we apply to certain classes of situations
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Means-ends analysis
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identify differences between the present situation and the desired state or goal and them make changes that will reduce these differences
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Sub goal analysis
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formulating sub goals or intermediate steps toward a solution
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Representative heuristic
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infer how closely something or someone fits our prototype for a particular concept or class and therefore how likely it is to be a member of that class
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Availability heuristic
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causes us to base judgments and decision on the availability of information in memory – easier to remember things that stand out in our mind
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Confirmation bias
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tending to look for evidence that will confirm what they currently believe rather than looking for evidence that could disconfirm their beliefs
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Script
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is a mental framework concerning a sequence of events that usually unfolds in a regular, almost standardized order – the sentence “going to a movie” reminds you of the entire process
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Meta-cognition
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your awareness and understanding of your own cognitive abilities
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Fundamental attribution error
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we underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the role of personal factors when explaining other people’s behavior
We often make assumption that are situations when dealing with ourselves and personal when referring to others
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Primacy effect
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refers to our tendency to attach more importance to the initial information that we learn about a person
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Self serving bias
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tendency to make personal attributions for success and situational attributions for failures
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Self fulfilling prophecy
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occurs when people’s erroneous expectations lead them to act toward of them in a way that brings about the expected behaviors, thereby confirming their original impression
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Theory of planned behavior
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out intention to engage in a behavior is strongest when we have a positive attitude toward that behavior, when subjective norms (our perceptions of what other people think we should do) support our attitudes, and when we believe that the behavior is under our control
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Self perception theory
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we make inferences about our own attitudes in much the same way: by observing how we behave
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Central route to persuasion
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occurs when people think carefully about the message and are influenced because they find the arguments compelling
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Peripheral route to persuation
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occurs when people do not scrutinize the message but are influenced mostly by other factors such as a speaker’s attractiveness or a message’s emotional appeal
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