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Identify this region, what functions does it control?
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The orbital frontal cortex is part of the granular prefrontal cortex involved in regulation of emotions, control of emotions and motivation. Damage will alter personality.
[Orbital frontal cortex]
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Name this area, what functions take place here?
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The opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere (along with the triangular portion of the inferior frontal gyrus) is the motor area of language generation (Broca's area).
[Opercular part, inferior frontal gyrus]
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Name area and function?
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The triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus in the dominant (usually left) hemisphere (along with the opercular portion of the inferior frontal gyrus) is the motor area of language generation (Broca's area).
[Triangular part, inferior frontal gyrus]
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Identify area and associated function(s)
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The middle frontal gyrus is part of the lateral frontal lobe. The posterior part includes premotor areas (planning of movement) while the frontal eye fields and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are progressively more anterior. The latter is involved in strategic planning of higher motor and cognitive tasks. Lesions effect the ability to perform delayed spatial tasks.
[Middle frontal gyrus]
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Identify fissure, what does it separate? What lies at the depth of this fissure?
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The Sylvian (lateral) fissure is a deep fissure that separates the opercular portions of the frontal and parietal lobes from the opercular portion of the temporal lobe. The insular cortex lies at the depth of the lateral fissure.
[Sylvian (lateral) fissure]
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What is the name of this structure? What border does it define?
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The central sulcus defines the border of the precentral (primary motor) and postcentral (primary sensory) gyri. It usually doesn't quite reach the lateral fissure inferiorly, while it usually extends over the dorsal aspect of the hemisphere onto its medial side.
[Central sulcus]
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What is the name of this indentation? With what osteologic structure does it correspond? It defines the meeting of what two lobes?
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The preoccipital notch is the indentation on the inferior surface of the brain that is at the location of the petrous ridge of the temporal bone. It defines the location where the temporal lobe meets the occipital lobe.
[Preoccipital notch]
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What is this structure? What is its function? From were does it receive input? What is the somatotopy of this region?
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The postcentral gyrus is the primary sensory cortex with strong input from somatic sensory areas of the thalamus. There is a topography (somatotopy) with the face represented ventrally and the lower limb dorsally. The foot is represented on the medial aspect of the cortex.
[Postcentral gyrus]
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Identify the structure? functions?
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The precentral gyrus is the primary motor cortex with strong axonal projections from pyramidal neurons to motor areas of the brain stem and spinal cord. There is a topography (somatotopy) with the face represented ventrally and the lower limb dorsally.
[Precentral gyrus]
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spinal cord enlargements are at the level of:
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the cervical and lumbar vertebrae
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spinal cord ends at what level?
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L1/L2 intervertebral disc
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where is the lumbar spinal cord found?
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at the level of the lowest thoracic vertebra
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conus medullaris
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lowest tapering portion of the spinal cord
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filum terminale interna
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continuation of the pia mater from the end of the conus medularis
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cauda equina consists of what?
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lumbar and sacral nerve roots arrising from the conus medularis
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structures marking points of exit of the nerve roots from the spinal cord
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DORSOLATERAL
and VENTROLATERAL SULCI
(small grooves on dorsolateral and ventrolateral portions of the spinal cord
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where is the anterior median sulcus? what important structure is associated with it?
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groove on anterior surface of spinal cord
in which the ANTERIOR SPINAL ARTERY runs
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dorsal median sulcus
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very small
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where is the dorsal intermediate sulcus?
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ONLY PRESENT IN UPPER PART OF SPINAL CORD
located between the:
-DORSAL MEDIAN SULCUS and
-DORSOLATERAL SULCUS
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What spinal cord division is between the median and posterolateral sulci?
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DORSAL FUNICULUS
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The lateral funiculus is between what structures?
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DORSOLATERAL SULCUS
and
VENTROLATERAL SULCUS
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What structure is found between the VENTROLATERAL SULCUS and the ANTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS?
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VENTRAL FUNICULUS
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What is found in the dorsal, lateral and ventral funiculi?
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WHITE MATTER (in which the majority of nerve tracts that ascend and descend the spinal cord run)
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the dorsal funiculus contains almost exclusively what?
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the dorsal columns
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the DORSAL COLUMN
-where is it located?
-what is its function?
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located in the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord
an ASCENDING TRACT, carries very specific sensations from the body up toward the brain (some division between the sensory fibers coming from the legs and those from the arms)
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The posterior intermediate sulcus separates what?
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the (medial) fibers from the legs from the (lateral) fibers of the arms
(fibers are located within the DORSAL COLUMN (tract) of the DORSAL FUNICULUS of the SPINAL CORD)
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damage to the posterior part of the spinal cord can affect what functions?
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vibratory sense, well-localized touch sensation and joint position sense
in the LIMBS!
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Basic internal structure of the spinal cord
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gray matter, districuted in an H-shape, with a central canal appearing in the x-piece
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central canal of spinal cord is a remnant of what embryologic structure?
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the lumen of the NEURAL TUBE
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ventral horn
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part of the H (gray matter) in spinal cord that protrudes forward
contains: large ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS that give rise to ALPHA MOTOR FIBERS innervating muscle
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dorsal horn
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part of the H (gray matter) in spinal cord that protrudes back
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most posterior portion of the dorsal horn is called what? why?
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SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA
bc of its appearance using stains for fibers
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small folds making up the majority of the cerebellum
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FOLIA
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a deep division that separates the anterior lobe of the cerebellum from the posterior lobe
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PRIMARY FISSURE
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midline division of the cerebellum
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VERMIS
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lateral portion of the cerebellum
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hemisphere(s)
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the FLOCCULUS is part of what?
where is it located?
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two small lobes of the cerebellum
siutated posteriorly and inferiorally to the VERMIS and HEMISPHERES
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what connects the cerebellum to the brainstem?
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the 3 cerebellar peduncles (consist of large white matter connections, provide input and output from the cerebellum)
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Inferior Peduncle (aka Restiform Body) is located where?
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appears at the dorsolateral side of the brainstem (appears as an upward continuation from the spinal cord)
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MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE (brachium pontis) connects what structures?
where is it seen?
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connects PONS out to the CEREBELLUM
obvious from ventral or lateral surface of brainstem
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SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE (brachium conjunctivum)
connects what structures?
where is it seen?
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connects the cerebellum down to the upper portion of the brainstem
difficult to see without removing the cerebellum (largely surrounded on the lateral side by the middle cerebellar peduncle)
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middle cerebellar peduncle is connected to what large protuberance on the ventral side of the brain
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BASIS PONTIS or BASAL PONS
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what structures divide the brainstem into 3 portions?
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the MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
and the
BASAL PONS
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what are the 3 portions of the brainstem?
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MEDULLA (spinal cord to the...)
PONS
MIDBRAIN (extends rostrally from the pons)
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External features of the MEDULLA
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INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLE
GRACILE and CUNEATE TUBERCLES
TUBER CINEREUM
INFERIOR OLIVE
PRE-OLIVARY SULCUS (CNXII)
POST-OLIVARY SULCUS (CNIX & CNX)
PYRAMIDS (w/ DECUSSATION)
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TUBER CINERIUM
(where is it found?)
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a small prominence running along the sides of the medulla (just lateral to cuneate tubercle)
situated over a band of fibers and nucleus associated with FACIAL SENSATIONS)
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forms large protruberance on lateral (/ventro-lateral) aspect of the rostral medulla
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INFERIOR OLIVE
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what emanates from the post-olivary sulcus?
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CN IX and CNX
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL and VAGUS Nerves
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what emanates from the preolivary sulcus?
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CNXII
the HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
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most ventral structure running the length of the brainstem
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PYRAMIDS (to either side of midline)
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