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What is the net reaction of photosyntheis?
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6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy > C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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Where is ATP's energy stored?
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Covalent bonds of phosphate groups aka high energy bonds
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In general, NAD+, NADP+ and FAD are all ___________ during catabolic processes
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Reduced
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In general, NADH, NADPH and FADH2 are all oxidized during ____________ processes
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anabolic
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Approximately ____ kcal of energy are released per mole of ATP
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7
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NAD+, NADP+ and FAD are _____________ agents because they undergo reduction.
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Oxidizing Agents
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NADH, NADPH, and FADH2 all behave as oxidizing/reducing agents
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Reducing agents and they themselves are oxidized
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Where does glycolysis occur?
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Cytoplasm
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What is the net reaction for glycolysis?
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Glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi + 2NAD+ > 2Pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2NADH + 2H+ + 2 H2O
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Pyruvate is reduced under anaerobic conditions via ____________ and reduced under aerobic conditions via _______________
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Fermentation/Cell Respiration
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Fermentation produces ___ ATP per glucose.
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2 ATP
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How is NAD+ regenerated in alcohol fermentation?
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The pyruvate is decarboxylated to become acetaldehyde which is then reduced by NADH to yield ethanol
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What are the 3 Stages of Cell Respiration?
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1. Pyruvate decarboxylation
2. TCA Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain
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Pyruvate Decarboxylation occurs where?
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Mitochondrial Matrix
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For each turn of the TCA __ ATP are produced by substrate level phosphorlation via a ____ intermediate.
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1/GTP
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Net Reaction for citric acid cycle
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2Acetyl CoA + 6NAD+ + 2FAD + 2GDP + 2Pi + 4H2O > 4CO2 +6NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATP + 4H+ + 2CoA
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The electron transport chain occurs where?
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Inner Mitochondrial Matrix
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NADH = ____ ATP
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3
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FADH2 = ____ ATP
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2
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What are 3 alternate energy sources?
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1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats
3. Proteins
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Each turn of the TCA yields ___ NADH and ___ FADH2 for a total of ___ NADH and ____ FADH2.
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3 NADH / 1 FADH2 / 6 NADH / 2 FADH2
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What are the events involved in substrate level phosphorylation and how many ATP are produced?
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It is the degradation of 1 glucose to 2 ATP from glycolysis 1 ATP from each turn of the TCA making 4 ATP total.
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How many ATP are produced in eukaryotes per glucose?
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36
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Fatty acids enter the degradative pathway in the form of...
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Acetyl CoA. They are taken through a series of beta oxidation cycles that convert it into two carbon fragments, which are then converted into Acetyl CoA.
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What is transamination?
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when an amino acid loses an amino group to form an alpha keto acid.
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