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What type of people supported Prohibition?
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women, feminists, Christians, but not many immigrants, for whom alcohol was part of culture
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When were most canals built?
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In the period from the mid-1820s to the Civil War, however, the United States underwent a vast expansion of canal construction, becoming the world's leading nation in both mileage of canals and the volume of tonnage carried on them. In the long run, however, innovations in steam technology and railroad engineering were destined to render many canals the losers in a New competitive age in transport that took shape in the late 1840s and the 1850s.
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Pendleton Act (Civil Service Act of 1883)
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The act aimed to reform the spoils system by eliminating many political appointments in favor of jobs only awarded to candidates who met predetermined uniform standards of merit. It reestablished a Civil Service Commission to prepare rules for a limited classified civil service, which the president could expand at discretion. Competitive examinations determined the qualifications of applicants, while appointments were apportioned among the states according to population.
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SALT
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Negotiations between the U.S. and the Soviet Union aimed at curtailing the manufacture of strategic nuclear missiles. The first round of negotiations began in 1969 and resulted in a treaty regulating antiballistic missiles and freezing the number of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. It was signed by Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in 1972. A second round of talks (1972 – 79), known as SALT II, addressed the asymmetry between the two sides' strategic forces and ended with an agreement to limit strategic launchers (see MIRV). Signed by Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter, it was never formally ratified by the U.S. Senate, though its terms were observed by both sides. Subsequent negotiations took the name Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START).
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SEATO
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On 8 September 1954, the United States, Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Pakistan signed the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty in Manila. Sometimes referred to as the Manila Pact, this agreement created the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). The Eisenhower administration and especially Secretary of State John Foster Dulles had worked to establish this loose alliance
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NATO
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International military alliance created to defend western Europe against a possible Soviet invasion. A 1948 collective-defense alliance between Britain, France, The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg was recognized as inadequate to deter Soviet aggression, and in 1949 the U.S. and Canada agreed to join their European allies in an enlarged alliance. A centralized administrative structure was set up, and three major commands were established, focused on Europe, the Atlantic, and the English Channel (disbanded in 1994). The admission of West Germany in 1955 led to the Soviet Union's creation of the opposing Warsaw Treaty Organization, or Warsaw Pact.
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Specie Circular of 1836
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The Specie Circular (Coinage Act) was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for public lands be in gold and silver specie. The Act was a reaction to growing concerns about excessive speculation of land after the Indian Removal, most done with "soft money." Jackson issued this order to protect the settlers who were forced to pay greatly inflated land prices with devalued paper currency. As a result, however, much paper money was instantly devalued. It also moved much of the specie (hard money) to the west to pay for land transactions at a time when eastern banks needed it. Specie was short in the East because the British government restricted specie transfer to the United States, which contributed to the Panic of 1837. This shortage led to a fall in cotton prices, a collateral in most American loans, which required specie. These loans became harder to acquire, cotton became devalued, and the U.S. economy suffered. The Specie Circular only worsened this economic panic.
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
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The Sherman Silver Purchase Act was enacted in 1890 as a United States federal law. While not authorizing the free and unlimited coinage of silver that the Free Silver supporters wanted, it increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month. In addition to the $2-4 million dollars that had been required by the Bland-Allison Act of 1878, the US government was now required to purchase an additional 4.5 million ounces of silver bullion every month. The law required the Treasury to buy the silver with notes that could be redeemed for either silver or gold. That plan backfired, as people (mostly investors) turned in their silver Treasury notes for gold dollars, thus depleting the government's gold reserves. After the Panic of 1893 broke, President Grover Cleveland oversaw the repeal of the Act in 1893 to prevent the depletion of the country's gold reserves.
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Federal Reserve Act of 1913
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created, for the first time, a permanent national central bank. The product of this act, the Federal Reserve System, was in some ways an awkward compromise among all sides of the national debate,
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Commodity Dollar in 1933
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Acquisition of Pago Pago
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part of Samoa
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De Lome Letter
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The De Lôme Letter, which set off an 1898 diplomatic incident, was written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Minister with the Portfolio of Cuban Affairs at the Spanish Embassy in Washington, D.C. The letter, which was intended to be private, was sent to his friend, Don Jose Canelejas, a Spanish official in Havana and was stolen from the Post Office in Havana and released by Cuban revolutionists to United States newspapers. The minister wrote disparagingly of US President William McKinley "... McKinley is: weak and catering to the rabble, and, besides, a low politician, who desires to leave a door open to me and to stand well with the jingoes of his party." This event anticipated the Spanish-American War by firing up an otherwise inactive President McKinley and helped foment public sentiment in favor of the Cuban Junta and against the Spanish, and is seen as one of the principal causes of the Spanish-American War of 1898.
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Jay's Treaty
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This pact between the United States and Great Britain was negotiated in London by Chief Justice John Jay in 1794. Hoping to ease tensions caused by British seizures of American ships and restrictions on trade with the British West Indies, President George Washington sent Jay to England to seek the withdrawal of British troops from American territory in the West, the payment of reparations to American shippers, compensation for slaves abducted during the Revolution, and the right to trade freely with the British West Indies. Jay proved to be a poor negotiator. Great Britain agreed to evacuate the western posts and pay reparations to American merchants. But though it opened the West Indies to American vessels, it did so under extremely restrictive terms. More important, Jay agreed to a clause giving up the right of neutral ships to trade freely with belligerents in wartime. He also accepted the British Rule of 1756, which held that in times of war, neutrals could not trade with ports closed to them in peacetime by mercantilistic regulations. Moreover, the treaty committed the United States to pay outstanding prerevolutionary debts to British merchants--although that issue was still being contested in American courts. Despite widespread feeling that the treaty was humiliating to the United States, President Washington persuaded the Senate to ratify it on the ground that further conflict with England was not in the public interest.
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Homestead Act
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An act passed by Congress in 1862 promising ownership of a 160-acre tract of public land to a citizen or head of a family who had resided on and cultivated the land for five years after the initial claim.
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Land Act of 1796
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Public Land Act of 1796 authorized Federal land sales to the public in minimum 640-acre plots at $2 per acre of credit
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Dollar Diplomacy
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U.S. foreign policy created by Pres. William H. Taft to ensure financial stability in a region in exchange for favourable treatment of U.S. commercial interests.The policy grew out of Pres. Theodore Roosevelt's peaceful intervention in the Dominican Republic, where U.S. loans had been exchanged for the right to choose the head of customs (the country's major revenue source). Taft's secretary of state, Philander Knox carried out Dollar Diplomacy in Central America (1909) and China (1910). Pres. Woodrow Wilson repudiated the policy in 1913. The term has become a disparaging reference to the manipulation of foreign affairs for economic ends.
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Pan-American Union
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Organization formed in 1890 to promote cooperation among the countries of Latin America and the U.S. It was established (as the International Union of American Republics) at the first Pan-American conference, which was called by U.S. secretary of state James Blaine in order to reach agreements on various common commercial and juridical problems among the countries of the Americas. In 1948 it was reconstituted as the Organization of American States.
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Monroe Doctrine
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U.S. foreign-policy statement first enunciated by Pres. James Monroe on Dec. 2, 1823, declaring the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European colonization. Concerned that the European powers would attempt to restore Spain's former colonies, he declared, inter alia, that any attempt by a European power to control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the U.S. It was reiterated in 1845 and 1848 by Pres. James K. Polk to discourage Spain and Britain from establishing footholds in Oregon, California, or on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. In 1865 the U.S. massed troops on the Rio Grande to back up demands that France withdraw from Mexico. In 1904 Pres. Theodore Roosevelt added the Roosevelt Corollary, stating that in the event of flagrant wrongdoing by a Latin American state, the U.S. had the right to intervene in its internal affairs. As the U.S. became a world power, the Monroe Doctrine came to define the Western Hemisphere as a U.S. sphere of influence.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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This was Theodore Roosevelt's "amendment" to the Monroe Doctrine. In 1904, the government of the Dominican Republic was bankrupt, and Roosevelt feared that foreign nations, especially Germany, might intervene forcibly to collect their debts. To keep other powers out and ensure financial solvency, Roosevelt issued his corollary: "Chronic wrongdoing ... may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation," he announced in his annual message to Congress in December 1904, "and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power." Roosevelt tied his policy to the Monroe Doctrine to win public acceptance.
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New Nationalism
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American political policy espoused by Theodore Roosevelt. Influenced by Herbert Croly's The Promise of American Life (1910), Roosevelt used the phrase in a speech in which he tried to reconcile the liberal and conservative wings of the Republican Party. New Nationalism called for federal intervention to promote social justice and the economic welfare of the underprivileged. In 1912, as the presidential candidate of the Progressive Party, Roosevelt ran unsuccessfully on a platform based on the precepts of New Nationalism.
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New Freedom
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The New Freedom was the term used by Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 Presidential campaign to describe his domestic program. Wilson believed that “private monopoly is indefensible and intolerable” and that national government should break up such large concentrations of corporate wealth. This view distinguished him clearly from his two opponents. Wilson claimed that President William Howard Taft stood for the interests of big business and that ex-President Theodore Roosevelt's New Nationalism program to regulate big business would prove unworkable.
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Henry Hobson Richardson
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(1838–86) Architect in romaneque styles and others
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Frank Lloyd Wright
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Often considered the greatest U.S. architect of all time, his greatest legacy is "organic architecture," or the idea that buildings harmonize both with their inhabitants and with their environment.
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Electric lighting invented in _
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1879
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Booth Tarkington
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(1869–1946), playwright
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Frank Norris
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novelist and short-story writer, one of the first to embrace naturalism (realism)
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Albany Plan
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Because of fear of Indian attacks, It provided for a voluntary union of the colonies with "one general government," each colony to retain its own separate existence and government. (1754)
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Peter Zenger
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John Peter Zenger (1697-1746), American printer, was selected to print a weekly newspaper by a faction of influential men opposed to a governor of New York. Zenger was charged with libel and acquitted. The case has forever associated his name with the cause of freedom of speech and of the press in America.
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Year of Seneca Falls Convention
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1848
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Neal S. Dow
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Dow, Neal, 1804–97, American prohibitionist, b. Portland, Maine. He helped organize the Maine Temperance Union in 1838 and prepared (1851) the famous “Maine Law,” which superseded the less rigid prohibition legislation of 1846. As mayor of Portland (1851–59), Dow succeeded with difficulty in making his law operative in that city. He lectured on prohibition throughout the United States, and in 1857 he visited England. He was the Prohibition party's candidate for President in 1880.
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Henry Barnard
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worked with improving education around 1845
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Elizabeth Peabody
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Elizabeth Palmer Peabody (1804-1894), an American educator, author, and prominent member of the New England intellectual community, promoted the new kindergarten movement in the United States.
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Mary Lyon
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Mary Lyon (1797-1849) was the founder of Mount Holyoke Female Seminary and a pioneer in women's education.
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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It settled the meaning of the Necessary and Proper Clause of the United States Constitution and determined the distribution of powers between the federal government and the states. The specific issues involved were Congress's power to incorporate the Second Bank of the United States and the right of a state to tax an instrument of the federal government.
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Schecter v. US
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Sick Chicken case that established the principle that in domestic affairs Congress may not delegate broad legislative powers to the President without also outlining clear standards to guide the President in employing these powers.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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The “separate but equal” doctrine established by the Court served to justify segregation in many states for the next half century.
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Munn v. Illinois
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Munn v. Illinois was the first of a famous series of cases known as the Granger Cases. These cases dealt with issues resulting from the rapid growth of manufacturing and transportation companies that began after the Civil War ended in 1865.The Court's decision established the power of state government to regulate businesses other than public utilities. Today, state legislatures exercise tremendous regulatory powers over such matters as working conditions, transportation of goods and people, and manufacturing of products for sale to the public. The constitutional basis for much of this activity rests directly on the Court's decision in Munn v. Illinois.
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Muller v. Oregon
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Curt Muller, a Portland, Oregon, laundry owner, was charged with violating an Oregon law that set a maximum 10-hour workday for women working in laundries. Louis D. Brandeis, a brilliant lawyer who later became a distinguished Supreme Court justice, argued the case for Oregon. Brandeis took a startling new approach. He presented sociological, medical, and statistical information to show that long hours of hard labor had a harmful effect upon women's health. He claimed the Court must consider whether the Oregon law was a reasonable attempt to protect public health and safety. A state law might be allowed to interfere with the 14th Amendment's presumed guarantee of liberty of contract if it could be justified as protecting public health against real dangers. The Court accepted Brandeis's argument, ruling unanimously to uphold Oregon's law. The factual evidence Brandeis supplied proved convincing. The Court ruled that longer working hours might harm women's ability to bear children. Thus, the state's limitation of those hours was a justified interference with liberty of contract and property and within the state's regulatory power.
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Date of sit-ins?
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1960
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Date of Brown vs. Board of Education?
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1954
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Date of assasination of Martin Luther King, Jr.?
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1968
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Date of bus boycott in Montgomery?
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1955
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Date of 24th amendment?
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Forbids states and the federal government to deny or abridge the right of a citizen of the United States to vote in a federal election because of failure to pay a poll tax or other assessment.Ratified 1964
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Pure Food and Drug Laws
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Amid a storm of public indignation, a Pure Food and Drug Act was passed on June 30, 1906. The act forbade foreign and interstate commerce in adulterated or fraudulently labeled food and drugs. Products could now be seized and condemned, and offending persons could be fined and jailed. The first of a series of consumer protection laws passed in the twentieth century, the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was a triumph of progressive reform.
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Adamson Act
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Adamson Act, enacted on 3 September 1916 at President Woodrow Wilson's behest in response to a pending strike by the major brotherhoods of railway workers. It established an eight-hour day for interstate railway workers and time and a half for overtime.
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Election of Senators
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17th amendment, ratified in 1913
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Peace of Paris of 1763
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(1763) Treaty concluding the Seven Years' War (including the French and Indian War). It was signed by Britain and Hanover on one side and France and Spain on the other. France renounced to Britain the mainland of North America east of the Mississippi, its conquests in India since 1749, and four West Indian islands. Britain restored to France four other West Indian islands and the West African colony of Gorée (Senegal). In return for recovering Havana and Manila, Spain ceded Florida to Britain and received Louisiana from the French.
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Continental Congress
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Body of delegates that acted for the American colonies and states during and after the American Revolution.The First Continental Congress, meeting in Philadelphia in September 1774, was called by the colonial Committees of Correspondence. The delegates adopted a declaration of personal rights, denounced taxation without representation, petitioned the British crown for a redress of grievances, and called for a boycott of British goods. The Second Continental Congress, meeting in May 1775, appointed George Washington commander in chief of the army. It later approved the Declaration of Independence (1776) and prepared the Articles of Confederation (1781), which granted certain powers to the Congress.
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Panic of 1893 and other economic panics
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The Panic of 1893 was a serious decline in the economy of the United States that began in 1893 and was precipitated in part by a run on the gold supply. The Panic was the worst economic crisis to hit the nation in its history to that point. Caused by Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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triangular trade
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Rum and goods to Africa, slaves to west indies, sugar and raw materials to New England
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