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What molecule contributed this atom?
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Aspartate
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Carbon Dioxide
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Glutamine
|
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Glutamine
|
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Glycine
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Glycine
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Glycine
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate
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|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
N10-formyl-tetrahydrofolate
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Aspartate
|
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Aspartate
|
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Aspartate
|
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Aspartate
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Carbamoyl Phosphate
|
|
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What molecule contributed this atom?
|
Carbamoyl phosphate
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What does it mean for genetic code to be commaless?
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Read from a fixed starting point as a continuous sequence of bases
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What does it mean for genetic code to be non-overlapping?
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Read from a fixed starting point
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What does it mean for genetic code to be universal?
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Genetic code is conserved throughout evolution
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What are the properties of the genetic code?
|
1. Unambiguous.
2. Degenerate/redundant.
3. Commaless/nonoverlapping
4. Universal
|
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When is genetic code not commaless/nonoverlapping?
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In some viruses
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|
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What are exceptions to universality of genetic code?
|
1. Mitochondria
2. Archaebacteria
3. Mycoplasma
4. Some yeasts
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Name that mutation: Same amino acid, often with a base change in 3rd position of codon
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Silent mutation
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What kind of mutation is called: silent
|
Same amino acid, often with a base change in 3rd position of codon
|
|
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What mutation is masked by tRNA wobble?
|
Silent mutations
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Name that mutation: Changed amino acid whose structure is dissimilar to proper amino acid
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Missense mutation (not conservative)
|
|
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Name that mutation: Changed amino acid whose structure is similar to proper amino acid
|
Conservative missense mutation
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What kind of mutation is called: missense
|
Amino acid is changed. If the structure of the new amino acid is similar to the original, it is called conservative.
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Name that mutation: Change resulting in early stop codon
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Nonsense mutation
(Mnemonic: Stop the nonsense!)
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What kind of mutation is called: nonsense
|
Change resulting in early stop codon
(Mnemonic: Stop the nonsense!)
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Name that mutation: change resulting in misreading of all nucleotides downstream, usually resulting in a truncated protein
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Frame shift mutation
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What kind of mutation is called: frameshift
|
change resulting in misreading of all nucleotides downstream, usually resulting in a truncated protein
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|
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Mutations ordered by decreasing severity of damage
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1. Nonsense
2. Missense
3. Silent
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Eukaryotic genome: single/multiple origins of replication
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multiple
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Prokaryotic genome: single/multiple origins of replication
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single
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Eukaryotic genome: Trigger for replication
|
Consensus sequence of AT-rich base pairs
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Prokaryotic genome: Describe DNA replication
|
Continuous bidirectional DNA synthesis on leading strand and discontinuous (Okazaki fragments) on lagging strand
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Enzyme function: DNA topoisomerases
|
Create a nick in the helix to relieve supercoils
|
|
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DNA Topoisomerase I: Mechanism
|
cuts one strand, passes the other through it then reanneals the cut strand
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DNA Topoisomerase II: Mechanism
|
cuts both strands, and passes an unbroken double strand through it then reanneals the cut strand
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Enzyme function: Primase
|
Makes an RNA primer on which DNA polymerase III can initiate replication
|
|
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DNA polymerase III: Mechanism
|
1. Adds deoxynucleotides to the 3' end until it reaches primer of preceding fragment
2. 3' to 5' exonuclease activity "proofreads" each added nucleotide
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DNA polymerase III: Which direction does it read?
|
3' to 5'
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DNA polymerase III: Which direction does it write?
|
5' to 3'
|
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DNA polymerase III: Which direction does it proofread?
|
3' to 5'
|
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Enzyme function: DNA polymerase III
|
Elongates the chain
|
|
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Enzyme function: DNA polymerase I
|
Degrades RNA primer and fills in the gap with DNA
|
|
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DNA polymerase I: Which direction does it read?
|
3' to 5'
|
|
|
DNA polymerase I: Which direction does it write?
|
5' to 3'
|
|
|
DNA polymerase I: Which direction does it proofread?
|
5' to 3'
|
|
|
Enzyme function: DNA helicase
|
Separates the two strands of DNA into single strands allowing for replication to occur. The position of these separated strands is called the replication fork.
|
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