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Name an optically active amino acid
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glycine (R=H)
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Which amino acid has disulfide bonds?
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cysteine
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Where are amino acids deaminated?
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the liver
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Which amino acids are polar?
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serine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine
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Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?
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cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
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mitochondria
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where does glycolysis occur?
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cytosol
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What is the reaction for glycolysis
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glucose + 2ADP +2Pi + 2NAD+
--> 2pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
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What are the 3 components of a nucleotide?
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5 C sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
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What is a kinase?
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an enzyme that phosphorylates something
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what is a phosphatase?
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an enzyme which dephosphorylates something
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For a competitive inhibitor, what effect will increasing the conc of substrate have
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increase rate
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What effect will increasing the conc of substrate when a Non-competitive inhibitor is present have?
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rate will not increase
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What are the products of fermentation?
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ethanol/lactic acid, CO2, 2ATP
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1 turn of the Krebs cycle produces what?
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1ATP, 3NADH, 1FADH3
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Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
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mitochondrial matrix
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How is ATP produced in the electron transport chain?
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oxidative phosphorylation
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How many ATPS are produced from each NADH and FADH2 in the ETC?
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2-3 ATP for each NADH, 2 ATP for each FADH2
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Reaction for glucose breakdown:
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C2H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6C02 +6H20 + 36ATP + heat
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1 glucose produces what in Krebs cycle?
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1 glucose= 2 turns (2 pyruvate) = 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2
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Where does transcription occur?
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nucleus or mitochondrial matrix
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Where does post-transcriptional processing occur?
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in nucleus
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What is cDNA?
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DNA that has been reverse transcribed from mRNA so it lacks introns normally found in eukaryotic DNA
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Southern Blot identifies what?
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DNA
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Northern Blot identifies what?
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RNA
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Western Blot identifies what?
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proteins with antibodies
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What is the start codon?
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AUG (also methionine)
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What are the stop codons?
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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Why is the amino acid code considered degenerative?
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more than one series of codes exists for each amino acid
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Why is the amino acid code considered unambiguous?
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each nucleotide sequence only codes for 1 aa
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Where does translation occur?
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begins on free floating ribosome in cytosol, may be directed to attach to ER
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Sedementary # for eukaryotic ribosomes
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40S+ 60S = 80S
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Sedementary # for prokaryotic ribosomes
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30S + 50S = 70S
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Where are ribosomes manufactured?
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nucleolus
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What happens during initiation of translation?
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anticodon for AUG enters p-site of ribosome
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What happens during elongation of trnaslation
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tRNA with anticodon attaches to A-site, dehydration combines methionine with next aa
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What happens during termination of translation?
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elongation occurs until a stop codon reaches the P site and then a water mol is added
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What causes a missense mutation?
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a BP mutation that does not lead to a stop codon
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What causes a nonsense mutation?
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a BP mutation or insertion or deletion that creates a stop codon
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What causes a frameshift mutation?
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insertion or deletion that is not in multiples of 3
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What is a nucleosome?
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histones wrapped in DNA
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What does chromatin consist of?
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1/3 DNA, 2/3 protein, small amt of RNA
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What occurs during G1?
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growth, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis
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WHat occurs during S phase?
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replication of DNA (chromosomes duplicated)
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What occurs during G2 phase
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RNA and protein synthesis
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Prophase I of Mitosis
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chromatin condense to chromosomes, spindle aparatus forms, nucleus disappears
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Metaphase I of Mitosis
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chromosomes line up
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Anaphase I of Mitosis
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sister chromatids split at centromeres
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Telophase I of Mitosis
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nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes decondense
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In what stage of meiosis can x-over occur?
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Prophase I
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