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What is responsible for turning impulses into action potentials in the ear?
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organ of Corti
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What is responsible for amplifying impulses in the ear?
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Ossicles
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What is responsible for vibrating at same frequency as incoming sound waves in the ear?
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Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)
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Name a specific cytokine.
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Interleukin-I, Interleukin-II, Interferon
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What role does IL-1 and IL-2 play?
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IL-1: Helps B-cells release antibodies; also helps Tc cells become active
IL-2: Secreted by macrophages and makes TH cells produce IL-2.
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Why are MHC molecules important?
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MHC molecules allow cells to "call for help" and tells T-Cells that the cell who secreted them is infected.
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Describe role of Tc cells relative to what they do and who they help.
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Tc cells attack cells that have become infected with a particular toxin or fungi. They destroy the cell by destroying the cell membrane.
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Describe role of TH cells and relative to what they do and who they help
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TH cells help macrophages by taking up what the macrophages have engulfed and using digestive enzymes to destroy them.
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What is the role of interferons?
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Preventing cell-to-cell spread of viruses; non-specific defense, any virus causes it.
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Where are T-cells matured?
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Thymus
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Where do B-cells come from?
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Bone Marrow
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What is pleiotropy?
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Ability of a gene to have multiple phenotypical effects.
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What role do chemokines play?
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-Attract phagocytes
-Stimulates release of histamine from basophils
-Involved in inflammatory response
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What molecules do leukocytes release that affect body temp. and cause fever?
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Pyrogens
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What is an R-Plasmid?
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R-Plasmids are circular plasmids found in some bacteria that allow them to resist antibiotics and also gives them the genes that code for sex pili.
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Which of the following are bacteria or viruses?
1. Diptheria
2. Botulism
3. Influenza
4. Rabies
5. Scarlet Fever
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1. Bacteria
2. Bacteria
3. Virus
4. Virus
5. Bacteria
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What is a virulent phage?
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One that reproduces only by the lytic cycle.
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What is the role of a restriction enzyme?
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Restriction enzymes help bacteria destroy incoming DNA fragments; also used in labs to cut specific points in DNA.
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What is a phage that uses both lytic and lysogenic cycles?
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Temperate Phage
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Explain the role of reverse transcriptase.
Where is it found?
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Codes mRNA back into DNA.
Found in Retroviruses.
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What are the two types of nephrons?
What animals have them?
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Juxtamedullary and Cortical
Only humans and birds have juxtamedullary nephrons.
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What is Tay-Sachs disease?
What type of gene dominance is shown?
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Tay-Sachs involves the buildup of lipids in the brain, eventually inhibiting brain growth..
Incomplete dominance is shown, thereby making heterozygotes producing less of the enzyme that breaks down the lipids. Although only homozygous recessive individuals die from it.
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What is an example of epistasis?
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Mouse hair color. A third gene masks what the other genes do regardless of their alleles.
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What phylum are flatworms apart of?
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Platylhelminthese (includes flatworm and tapeworm)
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What phylum are octopuses and squid apart of?
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Mollusca
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What phylum are earthworms apart of?
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Annelida
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What are the stinging capsules on cnidaria called?
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Nematocysts
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What enzyme breaks polysacharides into disachardies?
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Amylase
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What enzymes break down disacharides to monosacharides?
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Lactase, Maltase, Sucrase
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What are the most abundant proteases that break down proteins?
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Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase
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What role does cholecystokinin play?
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Production of pancreatic enzymes and contraction of gall bladder.
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What role does gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) play?
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Stimulates release of insulin.
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Where are tight junctions found?
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Gastric System (small intestine, stomach, etc.)
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Where are gap junctions found?
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Muscle Cells
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Where are desmosomes found?
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Skin Cells
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What is the function of the smooth ER?
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-Synthesis of Lipids
-Synthesis of Steroids
-Synthesis and storage of glycogen in liver and muscle cells
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What method is mainly used in sequencing and separation of DNA based on size?
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Gel Electrophoresis
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What is used to compare DNA of multiple individuals?
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Southern Blotting
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What method is used to amplify small portions of DNA into larger ones with the use of other cells?
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PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction
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What is a plasmid?
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A plasmid is a circular piece of DNA found in bacteria. Not native to bacteria, but usually helpful.
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What is conjugation?
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Conjugation is a way for bacteria to exchange information. F+ bacteria use a sex pilus to attach to another bacteria and exchange information.
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What is transduction?
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Transduction is a way for bacteria to get new genetic information, which is caused from the lytic or lysogenic cycles of viruses.
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What is Transformation/Recombination?
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This is a way that bacteria get different genetic information by the picking up naked/foreign DNA from the surrounding medium and incorporating it into its own genetics.
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What method does a bacteria use to reproduce?
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Binary Fission
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Name three ways bacteria increase genetic variation.
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Transduction, Conjugation, and Transformation/Recombination
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What is an inducible system?
Example?
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An inducible system is such that an operon is usually turned off, but with the presence of a substrate, the repressor of the operon becomes unbound from the operator and allows polymerases to code the gene.
e.g. lac operon
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What is a repressible system?
Example?
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A repressible system is one that usually has a repressor that is not bound to the operator, but with the presence of a corepressor (usually the substrate that it is coding for) it becomes inactivated.
e.g. trp operon
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Name the various parts of an operon and what they do.
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Regulator: Codes for the repressor
Promoter: This tells the polymerase where to attach
Operator: This is the site that the repressor binds to
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What type of neurons are present in the eye?
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Bipolar Neurons
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What is responsible for high acuity vision in the eye?
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Fovea
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