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ahimsa
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non-violence to all life, a concept found in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism
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Aryans
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A pre-historic people who spoke a proto-Indo-European language. They apparently migrated around 1500 BCE from central Asia and eastern Europe west to become ancestors of the Greeks, Celts, Teutons, and Romans, and east to Persia and India.
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atman
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Sanskrit for "eternal soul"
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avatar
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Hindu concept of the incarnation of earthly manifestation of a deity
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Bhagavad-Gita
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Sanskrit for "Song for the Lord"; a section of the Mahabharata. Regarded by many as the crowning achievement of Hindu literature, synthesizing the major strands within Hindu teaching
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bhakti
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Hindu concept of devotional service to a personal God. The spiritual path of devotion is know as _______-yoga
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Brahma
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Hindu god of creation
One of three major gods of Hinduism (with Vishnu and Shiva); God of creation, typically portrayed with several heads; husband of Sarasvati and others. Mythical image of impersonal ultimate reality.
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brahman
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In Hinduism, the spiritual oneness of all reality
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Brahmin
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In the Hindu class system, the highest of the four traditional classes; the "priestly" class
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caste
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from the Portuguese casta, meaning "race"; used to designate the elaborate, stratified system found in traditional Hindu society
Hindu hierarchical social class distinction on the basis of heredity, ritual, or occupation: Brahmana (braa-h-maan ah) (priests), Kshatriya (ksh-aa-trya) (warrior), Vaishya (vai-shya) (merchants) Shudra (sh-oo-dra) (servant). Outcastes or untouchables have no caste and do the most undesirable work, such as garbage collection.
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dharma
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Sanskrit for "duty" or "the way things are intended to be"; also translated as "law" In Hindu society, "social _______" is determined by caste, whereas "eternal ______" refers to the duty to pursue a path leading to liberation from the cycle of rebirth.
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devi
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Sanskrit for "goddess." In Hinduism, various are worshipped
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guru
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a spiritual teacher; in Sikhism, a leader of the religion
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Indus Valley Civilization
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a sophisticated urban culture that flourished along the banks of the Indus River in South Asia, from about 2500 to 1500 B.C.E.
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karma
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Sanskrit for "action"; the law that explains human behavior as the chain of causes and effects resulting from desire. According to the religions that originated in South Asia, _____ binds us to the cycle of rebirth
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jnana-yoga
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In Hinduism, the path of knowledge
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Kali
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Hindu goddess of death, destruction, and renewal
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Krishna
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Hindu god prominent in the Bhagavad Gita. Devotees of Vishnu consider him to be and avatar of Vishnu
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maya
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"illusion"; the concept in Hinduism that reality as experienced is not true reality and constitutes a veil that must be penetrated
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moksha
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Sanskrit for "liberation"; refers to the South Asian teaching of liberation from the cycle of rebirth
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samsara
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Sanskrit for the "cycle of rebirth."
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shakti
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Sanskrit for "power, energy"; in Hinduism, the active energy of a deity, personified as a goddess.. People who practice this are seeking to identify with this active power and draw upon it for material or spiritual pursuits.
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Shiva
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Hindu god of destruction and rejuvenation
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Untouchables
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The Hindu social category of people outside the caste system, forbidden to marry, eat, or work with higher caste members. Education and reading sacred texts is forbidden. They must live outside villages, work at impure occupations, such as scavenging or funerals. Officially abolished by India's modern constitution, but informally still practiced. Mahatma Gandhi called them harigan, children of God. Increasingly, they are known as dalits, oppressed ones.
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Upanishad
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Sanskrit for "to sit nearby"; philosophical utterances, collected in a section of the Vedas, that are the basis of later philosophical reflection in Hinduism
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Veda
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Sanskrit for "knowledge"; the sacred writings of the Aryans, deemed canonical by later Hinduism. Basic collections include hymns to the gods, ritual materials and derictions for the sacrifices and invocations for the gods, verses from the Rig-Veda arranged musically, and hymns together with spells and incantations.
The oldest major sacred texts of Hindu beliefs and practices, including the Rig Veda, the Sama Veda, and the Yajur Veda, written in Sanscrit, later supplemented by other texts. The Vedas are believed to be the eternal, authoritative instructions of the divine, heard by ancient priestly seers, as early as the 1200's BCE, and edited later.
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Vishnu
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Hindu god of preservation and love; appears on earth in various forms in times of crisis.
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yoga
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Sanskrit for "to yoke or join"; refers to a variety of methods that seek to join the individual soul to the Ultimate, and thus achieve liberation from rebirth
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karma-yoga
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in Hinduism, the way of action
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What did Hindu people call themselves?
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Sanatana Dharma
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What does Santana Dharma mean?
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Eternal Religion/duty
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What language were the Vedas written in?
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Aryan/ Sanskrit
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Caste System
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Top: Brahmins
Ksatriyas
Vaishyas
Bottom: Shudras
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Ksatriyas
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warriors/Kings/leaders
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Vaishyas
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Merchants/farmers
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Shudras
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peasants
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what are the 4 stages of life?
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-Student (learn from a guru and are celibate)
-Householders (marriage and have children)
-forest dweller (semi-retirement - renounce sexuality)
-sannyasin
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ॐ aka om
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most Veda begin and end with this
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Law of Manu Smriti
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-It is considered the oldest and one of the most important texts
-Some of these codes of conduct pertain to the caste system and discuss the stages of life for "twice-born" males
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Movies with Hinduism in them
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Water; A Touch of Pink
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4 Goals
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1.artha
2.kama
3.dharma
4.moksha
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artha
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wealth (householders)
The concept includes achieving widespread fame, garnering wealth and having an elevated social standing.
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kama
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pleasure (householders)
involves sensual gratification, sexual fulfillment, pleasure of the senses, love, and the aesthetic enjoyments of life.
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dharma
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duty/obligation (everyone)
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moksha
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break from the cycle of samsara
refers to liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth and all of the suffering and limitation of worldly existence.
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atman
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eternal, unchanging self/soul "ego" "I"
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Brahman
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ultimate/absolute/the "truth"
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what religions did most untouchables convert to
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Buddhism
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Mahābhārata
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one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India, the other being the Ramayana.
Pandavas - good
Kauravas - bad
(families) and are offspring from the gods
Its discussion of human goals takes place in a long-standing mythological tradition, attempting to explain the relationship of the individual to society and the world (the nature of the 'Self') and the workings of karma.
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The Rāmāyaṇa
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consists of 24,000 verses in seven cantos (kāṇḍas) and tells the mythological story of Rama, whose wife Sita is abducted by the demon (Rākshasa) king of Lanka, Rāvana.
Rama tries to get her back with the help of Lakshman and Hanuman (monkey god)
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