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Sociology
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the scientific study of groups and their relationship with one another
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Society
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a group of people who share a culture and territory
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Auguste Comte
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Father of Sociology
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Herbert Spencer
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Social Darwinism, "survival of the fittest"
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Karl Marx
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class conflict; different classes=inequality=conflict
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Emile Durkheim
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social intergration (suicide anomie)
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Max Weber
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Protestant ethnic. German sociologist who believed that one must go what people do, beyond what they observe
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C. Wright Mills
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Social reform, Sociological Imagination
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Sociological Imagination
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your behavior is determined by your past and personal experiences
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pre-industrial
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rural, agriculture, manual labor
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industrial
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machines
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post industrial
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high tech
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Functionalist
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Merton-society is made up of inter-dependent parts that comes together and functions as a whole bringing about stability
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Interactionalist
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G.H. Meade-interation and reaction is determined by the type and size of group one intermingles with
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anomie
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"without norms" when the equilibrium is upset and people tend to act out of the norm usually occurs in time of crisis
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theory
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interrelated ideas the attempt to explain a phenomenon. Not a fact
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psychological institution
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set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how a society will attempt to meet its basic needs, regulate all aspects of a persons life under a single authority.
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Ethnocentrism
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"when you think your culture is superior to all others
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Cultural Relativity
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understanding social behavior in terms of their culture and social situation.
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cultural diversity
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difference
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Socialization
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interacting with people and leaning the ways of society
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theory
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constructing abstract interpretations that can be used to explain situations
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Auguste Comte
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1. invented word Sociology
2. believes sociology should contribute to the welfare of humanity by predicting, understanding and controlling human behavior
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Emile Durkheim
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. Social constraint limits what we can do as individuals
2. division of labor= more dependent
3. Studied suicide, anomie (feeling aimlessness provoked by modern social life)
4. importance of religion maintaining moral order
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Karl Marx
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1. Materialist conception of history= change is prompted by economic influences
2. ruling class exploits workers, workers seek to overcome exploitation
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Capitalism
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production of goods and services sold to wide range of consumers
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Max Weber
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1. Analyzed distinctiveness of Western society compared with others
2. Christian beliefs influenced rise of Capitalism (not just economic changes..Marx)
3.Bureacracy= large organization, divided based on function..hierarchy
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Jane Adams
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Won the Nobel prize Founded Hull House and studied the causes and consequnces of poverty
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Harriet Martineau
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1. first woman sociologist
2. must focus on all aspects...political, religious and social institutions
3. Women: marriage, children and domestic/religious life, race relations
4. Sociologists must act in ways to benefit society
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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1. African American
2. Double consciousness...through eyes of others and own self
3. identity influenced by historical experiences and social circumstances
4. First to trace problems to social and economic underpinnings
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George Mead
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1. symbolic interactionism: language allows us to become self-conscious
2. symbol=representation
3. symbolic thought frees us from being limited in our experiences
Ex: dating
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Functionalism
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1. Pioneered by Comte
2. analyze contribution made to the whole
Ex: show how
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social structure
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the patterned interaction of people in social relationships
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sociological imaginations
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the ability to see the link between society and self
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social dynamics
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the study of social change
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bourgeoisie
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class owning the means for producing wealth
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capitalist
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person who owns or controls the means for producing wealth
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proletariat
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working class;those who labor for the bourgeoisie
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class conflict
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the ongoing struggle between the boureosie (owners) and the proletariat (working) class
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mechanical solidarity
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social dependency based on the similiarites within a social group consenus of values and beliefs,enforced conformity and dependence on tradition and family
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organic solidarity
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social interdependency based on the dissimiliarity of of people in a specific society
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verstehen
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understanding social behavior by ptting yourself in the place of others
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rationalization
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the mind-set emphasizing knowledge,reason and planning
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functionalism
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approach that emphasizes the contributions made by each part of society
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manifest functions
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intended andobvious consequences
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latent functions
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unintended and hidden consequences
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dysfunction
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negative consequence of an aspect of society
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conflict perspective
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approach emphasiving the role of conflict,competition,and constraint within a society
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power
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the ability to control the behavior of others
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3 dimensions of society
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Cultural-What are values, beliefs, normspractices of the group Structural - Statuses, roles, religion, education, etc. of group Process - Socialization, social changes, deviation and crime
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