Important People In Planning

city beautiful movement; White City Chicago’s world fair; 1909 plan for Chicago (applied principles of monumental city design and City Beautiful Movement)

garden city movement (to overcome social inequalities and economic inefficiencies of urban areas); author of Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898

plan for San Francisco (1904); worked with Burnham on 1909 plan of Chicago

authored 1916 NYC zoning code

Central Park; believed that the city plan should include all land uses (both public and private) and should be updated often to ensure they remain relevant

designed NY’s Central Park with Frederick Law Olmstead Sr. in 1851

president of the American City Planning Institute; prepared numerous plans (Detroit, Utica, Boulder, New Haven, Pittsburgh, Rochester, Newport)

first fulltime municipally employed planner, St. Louis; developed many early comp plans

first full-time housing reformer in America; founder of the National Housing Association; led effort to improve tenement conditions

original plan for Washington DC

radiant city (skyscrapers for high density living and working, surrounded by commonly owned park space), superblocks, separated uses

authored Urbanism as a Way of Life (1938); argued for urbanism and claimed density of cities influences behaviors in city

advocate for building mega-structures that are partially underground leaving nature relatively undisturbed; Arcosanti Arizona is his major development project

advocate for new urbanism; designed Seaside FL in 1982

wrote Edge City in 1991, edge city is a distinct place that has at least 5 mil sq ft of office, 600,000 sq ft of retail and more jobs than bedrooms

authored Edgeless Cities in 2002, dominant urban form having large, isolated, suburban office complexes that are inaccessible by pedestrians and transit

founder of the colony of Georgia; design for Savannah, complex gridiron with a main axis and interlinking gardens and squares

first comprehensive plan Cincinnati; filed an amicus curiae brief in support of Euclid and comprehensive zoning; 1st president of ASPO

early advocator of sprawling, decongested, auto-oriented development; authored Disappearing City (1932), which presented concept of Broadacre City (each home situated on an acre or more, each house has auto)

headed US Resettlement Administration (New Deal program)

housing activist in NYC; wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890 and Children of the Poor (social reform)

neighborhood unit concept, published concept in New York City and its Environs in 1929

founder of the communitarian movement (balance between rights and responsibilities and autonomy and order); authored the Spirit of Community

Cleveland’s planning director (1969 – 1979); strong proponent of equity in planning

father of advocacy planning; argued planners should not be value-neutral public servant, but should represent special interest groups

design for Colombia Maryland; pioneered development of indoor shopping malls; rejuvenated several dying downtowns by introducing festival marketplaces (Fanueil Hall - Boston, Inner Harbor - Baltimore, South Street Seaport – NYC)

wrote the Geography of Nowhere, which provides a history of suburbia and urban development; leading proponent of new urbanism; recently wrote The Long Emergency, dealing with declining oil production and the end of industrialized society

wrote the Science of Muddling Through; incremental planning, which acknowledged that changes are made in increments

Back of Yards movement; advocacy planning; vision of planning centered on community organizing

wrote Ladder of Participation (1969), which divided public participation and planning into 3 levels: non-participation, tokenism, and citizen power

promoted use of environmental psychology and sociology in urban design; wrote Social Life of Small Urban Spaces in 1980; coined the term “greenway” in his book the Last Landscape; pioneer on conservation easements

authored Making City Planning Work (1985), describing what it takes to change American cities; authored Great Streets (1995), described qualities and quantities of features that characterize great streets (e.g. height of buildings, interesting facades, street trees, windows, design of intersections, street furniture, etc)

Concentric ring theory (1925) – urban areas grow in a series of concentric rings outward from CBD

Sector theory (1939) – urban areas develop in sectors along communication and transportation routes

Multiple Nuclei Theory (1945) – urban areas grow around a number of separate nuclei, which are specialized and differentiated

Land Rent curve, bide rent theory (1960) – cost of land, intensity of development and concentration of population decline as you move away from CBD

conservation design, author of Design with Nature (1969); predecessor of the overlay of layers used in modern GIS

historic preservation, wrote With Heritage so Rich in 1966

author of the Urban General Plan in 1964, classic textbook on history, purpose, scope, clients and use of comp plans

brought attention to the negative effects of pesticides on the environment with her book Silent Spring written in 1962

critically looked at planners and planning, particularly the mistakes of urban renewal in her book Death and Life of Great American Cities written in 1961; advocated for mixed uses, short blocks, pedestrian-scale safety with eyes on the street

defined basic concepts within the City (paths, edges, nodes, districts); wrote the Image of the City in 1960

Urban Land Use Planning in 1957 (common textbook on land use planning)

Planning Administration in 1941 (first in the Greenbook series)

Planning of the Modern City in 1916

Father of regional planning; wrote Cities in Evolution in 1915

Out the City Plan in 1914 (1st major planning textbook)

wrote Wacker’s Manual of the Plan of Chicago in 1912 (used as a textbook for 8th graders)

19th century plan for Paris

transactive theory

concept of Satisficing (decision-making strategy attempting to meet criteria for adequacy, rather than an optimal solution)

co-authored Urban Land Use Planning; land use strategies for hazard mitigation and environmental protection; quality of local land use plans

designed Radburn, NJ ("town in which people could live peacefully with the automobile-or rather in spite of it")

author of Man and Nature (1864), explored destructive impact of human action on environment and inspired conservation movement

authored Report on the Lands of the Arid Region of the United States (1878), plan that would enable settlement for the west while conserving water resources

founded Sierra Club in 1892 to promote protection and preservation of environment

America’s 1st professionally trained forester; first director of US Forest Service (1905); leader in conservation movement

City as a Growth Machine Theory (1987), urban development is directed by elite members of community who control resources and benefit from development

designed Denver’s parks and parkways system in 1906

influenced development of state parks and parkways in NY; helped establish the State Council of Parks in 1923

consensus building and collaborative planning; author of JAPA article, Planning Through Consensus Building: A New View of the Comprehensive Planning Ideal (Autumn 1996)