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1292 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Served as America's second president.
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John Adams
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President from 1797 to 1801.
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John Adams
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As a Federalist John Adams supported a powerful ______.
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central government
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Most notable actions in office were the undertaking of a Quasi-war with France and the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts.
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John Adams
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As James Monroe's secretary of state, he devised the Monroe Doctrine and worked to clarify the nation's borders.
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John Quincy Adams
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President from 1825 to 1829.
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John Quincy Adams
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As President John Quincy Adams failed to push any of his proposals through _____.
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congress
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He was a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence.
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Samuel Adams
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He was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and was credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party
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Samuel Adams
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She was a reformer and pacifist best known for her founding of Hull House.
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Jane Addams
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An early settlement house founded in 1889, that provided various educational and cultural activities for poor immigrants.
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Hull House
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Written by Thomas Paine and published between 1794 and 1807, it was a critique of organized religion, the book was widely criticized as a defense of Atheism.
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The Age of Reason
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His critic of organized religion was a prime example of the rationalist approach to religion inspired by Enlightenment ideals.
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Thomas Paine
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Created in 1933 as part of FDR's New Deal, it controlled the production of crops, and thus prices, by offering subsidies to farmers who produced set quotas.
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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
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In 1936 the Supreme Court declared the Agricultural Adjustment Act _____.
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unconstitutional
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It was submitted by Benjamin Franklin at a 1754 gathering of colonial delegates.
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Albany Plan
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It called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats.
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Albany Plan
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This 1754 plan was approved by the delegates but rejected by the colonies out of fear of losing too much power.
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Albany Plan
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The Crown did not support the Albany plan because it was wary of too much _____.
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cooperation between the colonies
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Founded in 1886, it sought to organize craft unions in a federation in which the individual unions maintained some autonomy.
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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Its structure differed from the Knights of Labor, which aimed to absorb individual unions.
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American Federation of Labor (AFL)
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Founding leader of the American Federation of Labor.
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Samuel Gompers
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Wrote popular novels during the Industrial Revolution that told of young men who with a lot of hard work and a bit of good luck, went from "rags to riches."
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Horatio Alger
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His tales suggested that anyone could be the next Andrew Carnegie if they worked hard enough.
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Horatio Alger
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These 1798 acts gave the government unprecedented power to infringe upon individual liberty.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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The Federalists claimed Alien and Sedition Acts were essential for _____.
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national security
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Republicans believed that these acts were politically motivated and served only to deny Americans their rights to fair trials and free speech.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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These acts turned out to be the undoing of the Federalists.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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Jefferson won the presidency in 1800 based largely on popular dissatisfaction with these acts.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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In World War I they consisted of Great Britain, France and Italy.
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Allies
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Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey in WWI.
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Central Powers
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Joined WWI on the side of the Allies in 1917.
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U.S.
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In WWII they included; Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the U.S., and France.
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Allies
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Occupied most of France during WWII.
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Germany
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Founded in 1920, seeks to protect the civil liberties of individuals in the U.S., often by bringing "test cases" to court to challenge questionable laws.
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American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
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In 1925 this organization challenged a Christian fundamentalist law in the Scopes Monkey Trial.
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American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
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Henry Clay's brainchild, it proposed a series of measures, including tariffs and federal support for internal improvements, geared toward achieving national economic self-sufficiency.
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American System
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In the late 1820s and 1830s, the National Republican Party wholly backed this system while the Democrats opposed it.
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American System
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Originally planning to discuss the promotion of interstate commerce, delegates from five states met in September of 1786 and ended up suggesting a convention to amend the Articles of Confederation.
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Annapolis Convention
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Leading member of the women's suffrage movement. She served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association from 1892 until 1900.
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Susan B. Anthony
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Rose up as opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification.
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Anti-Federalists
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Opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave the federal government too much political, economic, and military control. (group)
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Anti-Federalists
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Advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states.
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Anti-Federalists
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Argued against American imperialism in the late 1890s. It members included such luminaries as William James, Andrew Carnegie, and Mark Twain.
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Anti-Imperialist League
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It was founded in 1895 and spearheaded the prohibition movement during the Progressive Era.
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Anti-Saloon League
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In 1969 he became the first person to walk on the moon, along with Edwin e. Aldrin, Jr.
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Neil Armstrong
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Neil Armstrong quote as he stepped on the moon.
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"That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind."
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They were adopted in 1777 during the Revolutionary war and established the United States of America.
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Articles of Confederation
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They granted limited powers to the central government, reserving most powers for the states.
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Articles of Confederation
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They resulted in a poorly defined national state that couldn't govern the country's finances or maintain stability.
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Articles of Confederation
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They were replaced by the Constitution in 1789.
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Articles of Confederation
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Installed the first assembly line when developing his Model T car around 1910 and perfected its use in the 1920s.
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Henry Ford
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Helped maximize worker output by allowing workers to remain in one place and master one repetitive action.
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Assembly line
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The assembly line became a widespread production method during the __________ (time)
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1920s & 1930s.
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Was issued by FDR and Winston Churchill on August 14, 1941.
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Atlantic Charter
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Was created in meeting between FDR and Winston Churchill off the coast of Newfoundland.
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Atlantic Charter
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Agreement between FDR and Churchill that condemned military aggression, asserted the right to national self-determination, and advocated disarmament.
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Atlantic Charter
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After World War II, it worked on developing more effective ways of using nuclear material such as uranium in order to mass-produce nuclear weapons.
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Atomic Energy commission
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Kate Chopin's 1899 novel reflects the changing role of women during this period.
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The Awakening
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Portrays a married woman who defies social convention first by falling in love with another man, and then by committing suicide when she finds that his view on women are as oppressive as her husband's.
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The Awakening
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Included Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.
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Axis powers
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It was created by the Tripartite Pact in September 1940.
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Axis powers
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Refers to the decade of the 1950s, when the U.S. population swelled from 150 million to 180 million.
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Baby boom
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In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon, a Virginia planer led a group of 300 settlers in a war against the local Native Americans. When Virginia's royal governor questioned Bacon's actions, Bacon and his men burned and looted Jamestown.
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Bacon's Rebellion
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This manifested the increasing hostility between the poor and the wealthy in the Chesapeake region at the end of the end of the 1670s.
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Bacon's Rebellion
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It was chartered in 1791 as a controversial part of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist economic program.
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Bank of the United States
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Refers to Andrew Jackson's 1832 veto of the bill that provided a renewed charter for the Second Bank of the United States.
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Bank Veto
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Marked the beginning of Jackson's five-year battle against the national bank.
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Bank Veto
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In 1836, fought for its independence from Mexico.
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Texas
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In 1836 Thousands of Mexicans attacked this fortress in San Antonio, Texas.
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Alamo
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The San Antonio fortress was defended by less than 200 Americans.
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Alamo
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Mexicans killed the Americans including the frontiersman Davy Crockett.
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Battle of the Alamo
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Cry that inspired the Americans (Texans) to defeat the Mexicans at San Jacinto.
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"Remember the Alamo"
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Made September 17, 1862, the single bloodiest day of the Civil War.
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Battle of Antietam
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The Battle of Antietam resulted in some _____ casualties.
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25,000
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Although Union forces failed to defeat Lee's Confederate forces, they did halt Lee's advance through Northern soil at Maryland.
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Battle of Antietam
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Conducted during the summer and fall of 1940, it was a period of continuous bombing of London by the German air force.
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Battle of Britain
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It was conducted in preparation for a German amphibious assault on Britain.
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Battle of Britain
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Hitler hoped the bombing would destroy British industry and morale, but the British successfully staved off the German invasion.
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Battle of Britain
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This battle lasted from December 16, 1944 to January 16, 1945.
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Battle of the Bulge
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This battle was Hitler's final offensive in the West.
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Battle of the Bulge
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Hitler amassed his last reserves against Allied troops in Belgium and Luxembourg.
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Battle of the Bulge
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Germany made a substantial bulge in the Allied front line, but the Allies recovered and repelled the Germans, clearing the way for an Allied march toward Berlin.
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Battle of the Bulge
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Largest battle of the Civil War.
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Battle of Gettysburg
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Widely considered to be the turning point of the Civil War, the battle marked the Union's first major victory in the East.
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Battle of Gettysburg
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The three-day campaign, from July 1 to 4, 1863, resulted in an unprecedented 51,000 total casualties.
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Battle of Gettysburg
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In 1815, it occurred after the Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812, because Americans were unaware of the treaty.
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Battle of New Orleans
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General Andrew Jackson successfully defended the city against British troops.
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Battle of New Orleans
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Although the U.S. did not officially win the War of 1812, this battle helped the U.S. prove it was one of the top world powers.
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Battle of New Orleans
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Led by future President William Henry Harrison, U.S. forces defeated Shawnee forces in 1811.
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Battle of Tippecanoe
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The U.S. victory in this battle in 1811, lessened the Native American threat in Ohio and Indiana.
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Battle of Tippecanoe
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These battles initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British.
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Battles of Lexington & Concord
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Name of the British Governor who sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms.
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Thomas Gage
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The first shots were fired on April 19, 1775.
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Battles of Lexington & Concord
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The battles started the Revolutionary war and resulted in a British retreat to Boston.
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Battles of Lexington & Concord
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It was a failed attempt, in April of 1961, by U.S.-backed Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro's communist government.
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Bay of Pigs Invasion
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A major American literary movement of the 1950s, by authors who rejected uniform middle-class culture and sought to overturn the sexual and social conservatism of the period.
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The beat movement
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A group of nonconformist writers that included Allen Ginsberg, the author of Howl (1956), and Jack Kerouac, who penned On the Road (1957).
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"beats"
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The inventor of the telephone.
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Alexander Graham Bell
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In 1885 it created the infrastructure to put the telephone to use.
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American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T)
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In 1948 it was cut off from supplies because Russia did not allow transportation between it and the allied-occupied with West Germany.
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West Berlin
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The U.S. and Britain sent food, fuel, and other necessities by plane to help the West Berlin allies.
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Berlin Airlift
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In June 1948, the Soviets attempted to cut off Western access to Berlin by blockading all road and rail routes the city 90 miles inside of East Germany.
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Berlin blockade
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Name for the for the Berlin Airlift.
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"Operation Vittles"
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The USSR completed its construction in August of 1961 in order to prevent East Berliners from fleeing to West Berlin.
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Berlin Wall
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Symbolized the political split of Berlin between the communist East and Democratic West.
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Berlin Wall
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The Berlin Wall was torn down on November 9, _______.
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1989
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When it was torn down it set the stage for the reunification of Germany.
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Berlin Wall
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The tearing down of the Berlin Wall signified the end of the ______.
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cold war
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This type of diplomacy refers to the foreign relations policies of Theodore Roosevelt.
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Big Stick
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Theodore Roosevelt summed up his aggressive stance toward international affairs with the phrase _____.
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"Speak softly and carry a big stick"
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Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that IT would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny.
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Bill of Rights
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It was drafted by a group led by James Madison and consisted of the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.
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Bill of Rights
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All Southern state governments established under Andrew Johnson's plan for presidential Reconstruction enacted THESE, which granted the freedmen some basic rights, but also enforced heavy civil restrictions based on race.
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Black codes
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Organized in 1966 in Oakland, California, they stressed a program of black pride, economic self-sufficiency, and armed resistance to white oppression.
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Black Panthers
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The term for the more militant faction of Civil Rights groups that sprang up in the late 1960s.
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Black Power
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These groups stressed forceful resistance to white oppression and advocated separation from white society rather than integration.
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Black Power
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Thursday, October 24, 1929,
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Black Thursday
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The distinct starting point of the Great Depression.
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Black Thursday
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When day stock traders fell into panic, moving more than 12 million shares through the market. The market dropped in value by an astounding 9 percent, beginning the snowball effect that destroyed the stock market and led the economy to ruin.
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Black Thursday
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The popular name for the Kansas Territory during 1856, when violence broke out between representatives of the free-state government in Topeka and the fraudulently elected proslavery government in Lecompton.
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Bleeding Kansas
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Represented a major setback for the doctrine of popular sovereignty, as the doctrine failed to provide a clear resolution to the question of slavery's expansion into Kansas.
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Bleeding Kansas
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Illegally manufactured alcohol or smuggled it--often from Canada or the West Indies--into the United States during the Prohibition Era.
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Bootleggers
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Prohibition Era dates.
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1920-1933
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In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared, and five colonists were killed.
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Boston Massacre
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Organized by Boston patriots to protest the 1773 Tea Act.
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Boston Tea Party
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Warned Boston residents of the consequences of the Tea Act.
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Samuel Adams
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Approximately 50 young men dressed as Mohawk Indians boarded British ships and dumped the cargo into Boston harbor.
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Boston Tea Party
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It erupted in June of 1900, as a result of antiforeigner sentiment in China.
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Boxer Rebellion
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A group of zealous Chinese nationalists terrorized foreigners and Chinese Christians, capturing Beijing (Peking) and threatening European and American interests in Chinese markets.
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Boxer Rebellion
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The U.S. committed 2,500 men to an international force that crushed this rebellion in China in August 1900.
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Boxer Rebellion
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An extreme abolitionist who believed God had ordained him to end slavery.
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John Brown
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In 1856, he led an attack against proslavery government officials in Kansas, killing five and sparking months of violence that earned the territory the name "bleeding Kansas."
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John Brown
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In 1959, he led 21 men in seizing a federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in a failed attempt to incite a slave rebellion.
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John Brown
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John Brown was caught and _____.
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hanged
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The Democratic candidate for president in 1896 whose goal of "free silver" (unlimited coinage of silver) won him support from the Populist Party.
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William Jennings Bryan
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William Jennings Bryan lost the election of 1896 to Republican _______.
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William McKinley
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In the 1920s he made his mark as a leader of the fundamentalist cause and as the key witness in the Scopes Monkey Trial.
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William Jennings Bryan
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In 1954 reversed the "separate but equal" doctrine that was established in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson decision to justify segregation laws.
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
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The Supreme Court ruled that separate facilities were inherently unequal and ordered public schools to desegregate nationwide.
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
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A moderate democrat with support from both the North and South, served as president of the United States from 1857 to 1861.
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James Buchanan
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Democratic President who could not stem the tide of sectional conflict that eventually erupted into the Civil War.
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James Buchanan
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The nickname of the Progressive Republican Party, led by Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election.
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Bull Moose Party
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It had the best showing of any third party in the history of the United States.
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Bull Moose Party
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Its emergence dramatically weakened the Republican Party and allowed Democrat Woodrow Wilson to win the election decisively with only 42% of the popular vote.
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Bull Moose Party
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Republican, served as president of the United States from 1989 to 1993.
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George H.W. Bush
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His term as President was marked by economic recession and U.S. involvement in the Gulf War.
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George H.W. Bush
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Explored the northeast coast of North America in 1497 and 1498, claiming Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and the Grand Banks for England.
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John Cabot
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Was involved in politics throughout the Era of Good Feelings and the Age of Jackson. Served as James Monroe's secretary of war, as John Quincy Adams's vice president, and then as Andrew Jackson's vice president (during his first term).
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John C. Calhoun
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A firm believer in states' rights, he clashed with Andrew Jackson over many issues, most notably nullification.
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John C. Calhoun
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Starting in 1848, thousands of people began traveling west to search for gold and other precious metals.
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California Gold Rush
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Few people actually found gold, but this movement led to the organized settlements and eventually statehood for the western territory.
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California Gold Rush
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A major accomplishment of the Carter presidency, they were signed by Israel's leader Menachem Begin, and Egypt's leader Anwar el-Sadat, on September 17, 1978.
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Camp David Accords
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The treaty, however, fell apart when Sadat was assassinated by Islamic fundamentalist in 1981.
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Camp David Accords
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During the Second Great Awakening, religious revivals on the frontier took this form, at which hundreds or even thousands of people of various denominations met to hear speeches on repentance and to sing hymns.
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Camp meetings
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Once a prominent member of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, he abandoned his nonviolent leanings and became a leader of the Black Nationalist movement in 1966.
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Stokely Carmichael
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He coined the phrase "Black Power."
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Stokely Carmichael
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A Scottish immigrant, came to own what in 1900 was the world's largest corporation.
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Andrew Carnegie
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Name for Andrew Carnegie's world's largest corporation.
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Carnegie Steel
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In addition to being an entrepreneur and industrialist, he was a philanthropist who donated more than $300 million to charity during his lifetime.
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Andrew Carnegie
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Southern white Democrats gave this nickname to northerners who moved South during Reconstruction in search of political and economic opportunity.
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Carpetbaggers
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These northern opportunists purportedly took so little with them that they could fit all of their belongings in rough suitcases made from carpeting materials.
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Carpetbaggers
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A Democrat, served as president of the U.S. from 1977 to 1981.
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Jimmy Carter
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President best know for his commitment to morality and for advancing the human rights cause. During his term in office, he faced an oil crisis, a weak economy, and severe tension in the Middle East.
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Jimmy Carter
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A French sailor who explored the St. Lawrence River region between 1534 and 1542, he searched for a Northwest Passage.
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Jacques Cartier
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A northern waterway (never found) through which ships could cross the Americas to Asia.
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Northwest passage
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He did not find a Northwest passage, but he did open up the St. Lawrence river region up to future exploration and colonization by the French.
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Jacques Cartier
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In September 1939, Congress passed an amended Neutrality Act, allowing warring nations to buy arms from the U.S. if they paid in cash and carried the arms away in their own ships.
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Cash-and-carry
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The cash-and-carry program allowed the U.S. to aid the Allies but to stay officially _______.
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out of the war
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A communist revolutionary, ousted a rightist regime in Cuba in 1959.
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Fidel Castro
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Established a communist regime in Cuba in 1959 that remains in power today. (he is no longer the leader)
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Fidel Castro
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Is primarily concerned with international espionage and information gathering.
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Central Intelligence Agency
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In the 1950s, the organization became heavily involved in many civil struggles in the Third World, supporting groups likely to cooperate with the U.S. rather than the USSR.
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Central Intelligence Agency
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Germany and Austria-Hungary, fought against the Allies--Great Britain, France, and Italy--in World War I.
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Central Powers
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In 1917, the U.S. joined the war effort against the ___________.
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Central Powers
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Written by Helen Hunt Jackson and published in 1881, it attempted to raise public awareness of the harsh and dishonorable treatment of Native Americans at the hands of the United States.
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A Century of Dishonor
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A Frenchman, explored the Great Lakes and established the first French Colony in North America at Quebec in 1608.
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Samuel de Champlain
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A migrant farm worker, created the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee in 1963 to help Chicano workers.
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Cesar Chavez
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After leading union strikes against the California grape growers, he won better pay for the workers.
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Cesar Chavez
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Each branch of the Federal government was given certain powers over the others to ensure that no one branch gained a dangerous amount of power.
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Checks and balances
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This system represented the solution to the problem of how to empower the central government while also protecting against corruption and despotism.
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Checks and balances
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Served as prime minister of England from 1940 to 1945.
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Winston Churchill
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British prime minister known for his inspirational speeches and zealous pursuit of victory in WWII.
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Winston Churchill
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Along with FDR and Stalin formed the Big Three who were instrumental in mapping out the post-war world order.
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Winston Churchill
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In 1946, he coined the term "Iron Curtain" to describe the USSR's division of eastern Europe from the West.
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Winston Churchill
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In 1882, amid a wave of anti-immigrant sentiment among American workers, congress passed this act. The act banned Chinese immigration for ten years.
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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A landmark law, it outlawed discrimination in education, employment, and all public accommodations.
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Outlawed discrimination in the rental or sale of housing and apartments. It also provided further protection for civil rights leaders and more penalties for rioters.
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Civil Rights Act of 1968
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FDR created IT to cope with the added economic difficulties brought on by the cold winter months of 1933. It spent approximately $1 billion on short-term projects for the unemployed, but the program was abolished in the spring of that year.
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Civil Works Administration (CWA)
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It was created in 1933 as part of FDR's New Deal. It pumped money into the economy by employing the destitute in conservation and other projects.
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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
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He had a vast impact on the politics of the Era of Good Feelings and the Age of Jackson. He engineered the American System, a program aimed at economic self-sufficiency.
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Henry Clay
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As Speaker of the House during Monroe's term in office, he was instrumental in crafting much of the legislation that passed Congress. He led the Whig Party until his death in 1852.
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Henry Clay
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The 1914 Act, spearheaded by Woodrow Wilson, improved upon the vague Sherman Antitrust Act by enumerating a series of illegal business practices.
|
Clayton Antitrust Act
|
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|
A Democrat, served as president from 1993 to 2001, during a time of intense partisanship in the U.S. Government.
|
Bill Clinton
|
|
|
His few major domestic and international successes were over-shadowed by the sex scandal that led to his impeachment and eventual acquittal.
|
Bill Clinton
|
|
|
Was a famous scout and showman who was awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his role in fighting the Cheyenne.
|
Buffalo Bill Cody
|
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|
The Soviet Union and the U.S. experienced it from 1946 to 1991.
|
Cold war
|
|
|
While there was no actual direct conflict between nations, the U.S. and the USSR were political, technological, and military enemies and rivals.
|
Cold War
|
|
|
During this period, the threat of communism loomed and affected all U.S. foreign policy.
|
Cold War
|
|
|
He sailed to the "New World" under the Spanish flag in 1492.
|
Christopher Columbus
|
|
|
Although not the first European to reach the Americas, he is credited with the journey across the Atlantic that finally opened the "New World" to exploration.
|
Christopher Columbus
|
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|
In 1493, he established Santo Domingo on the island of Hispaniola as a base for further exploration.
|
Christopher Columbus
|
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|
In 1999, two students in Littleton, Colorado, shot their peers. They killed 12 students and wounded many others before killing themselves.
|
Columbine High School shooting
|
|
|
This tragedy was one of seven such shootings in the U.S. that year, and led to changes in gun control, school safety measures, and the monitoring of media violence.
|
Columbine High School shooting
|
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|
Isolationists who were opposed to FDR's reelection in 1940 sponsored this Committee.
|
Committee to Defend America First
|
|
|
Committee members urged neutrality, claiming that the U.S. could stand alone regardless of Hitler's advances on Europe.
|
Committee to Defend America First
|
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|
Organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies.
|
Committees of Correspondence
|
|
|
They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament.
|
Committees of Correspondence
|
|
|
These committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.
|
Committees of Correspondence
|
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|
Thomas Paine published this pamphlet in 1776, in which he argued that the colonists should free themselves from British rule and establish an independent government based on Enlightenment ideals--one that would protect man's natural rights.
|
Common Sense
|
|
|
It became so popular and influential in the colonies that many historians credit it with dissolving the final barriers to the fight for independence.
|
Common Sense
|
|
|
The seceded states formed the _______ during the Civil War.
|
Confederate States of America
|
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|
Set up by the Puritans in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, it was a church system in which each local church served as the center of its own community.
|
Congregationalism
|
|
|
This structure stood in contrast to the Church of England, in which the single state church held sway over all local churches.
|
Congregationalism
|
|
|
It emerged from within the American Federation of Labor in 1938. It became an influential labor group, operating during the era of government and business cooperation.
|
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
|
|
|
In 1955, it merged with the AFL to become the AFL-CIO
|
Congress of Industrial Organizations
|
|
|
A centralized group of politicians that chose presidential candidates during the early days of the United States.
|
Congressional Caucus
|
|
|
Denied the population any real say in the presidential nomination process and became a symbol of undemocratic elitist rule.
|
Congressional Caucus
|
|
|
Resented by much of the American public the caucus lost its political influence by the early ____.
|
1820s
|
|
|
Ending weeks of stalemate, it, reconciled the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan for determining legislative representation in congress..
|
Connecticut Compromise
|
|
|
It established equal representation for all states in the Senate and proportional representation by population in the House of Representatives.
|
Connecticut Compromise
|
|
|
A general term for anyone of a group of Spanish explorers in the New World who sought to conquer the native people, establish dominance over their lands, and prosper from their natural resources, including gold.
|
Conquistador
|
|
|
Established a large Hispanic empire stretching from Mexico to Chile and wreaked havoc among native populations.
|
Conquistador
|
|
|
Outlines the operation and central principles of American Government.
|
Constitution
|
|
|
As opposed to the Articles of Confederation which it replaced, it created a strong central government with broad judicial, legislative and executive powers, though it purposely restricted the extent of these powers through a system of checks and balances.
|
Constitution
|
|
|
Written at a convention it was ratified by the states in 1789.
|
Constitution
|
|
|
In response to the Annapolis Convention's suggestion Congress called for states to send delegates to Philadelphia to amend the ____.
|
Articles of Confederation
|
|
|
Delegates came to the convention in May 1787, and drafted an entirely new framework that would give greater powers to the central government.
|
Constitutional Convention
|
|
|
The document created at the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 became the ___.
|
Constitution
|
|
|
This policy called for the preservation of post-World War II conditions meaning the U.S. would not challenge nations currently in the Soviet sphere of influence, but also would not tolerate further Soviet expansion.
|
Containment
|
|
|
This policy established during the Truman presidency, initially applied primarily to Europe. It soon evolved into a justification for U.S. global involvement against communism.
|
Containment
|
|
|
A Spanish conquistador who went to the West Indies in 1504. In 1519 he established Veracruz, the first Spanish colony in Mexico.
|
Hernando Cortes
|
|
|
In 1521, he had conquered the Aztec Empire using horses, gunpowder, and steel weapons.
|
Hernando Cortes
|
|
|
President from 1923 to 1929.
|
Calvin Coolidge
|
|
|
Calvin Coolidge was nicknamed ______.
|
"Silent Cal"
|
|
|
Calvin Coolidge believed that government should interfere with the economy as ______.
|
little as possible
|
|
|
Calvin Coolidge spent his time in office fighting congressional efforts to regulate _____.
|
business
|
|
|
An influential American writer in the early 19th century. His novels, The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), and others, employed distinctly American themes.
|
James Fennimore Cooper
|
|
|
Although Andrew Jackson won the most popular and electoral votes in the 1824 election, he failed to win the requisite majority and the election was thrown to the House of Representatives. Speaker of the House Henry Clay backed John Quincy Adams for president, ensuring Adam's victory. Adams then rewarded Clay by making him secretary of state. Jackson and his supporters denounced Adam's and Clay's deal as a _________.
|
corrupt bargain
|
|
|
Invented by Eli Whitney it separated the fibers of short-staple cotton from the seeds.
|
Cotton Gin
|
|
|
This machine made cotton plantations much more efficient and profitable, giving a rise to a cotton-dominated economy in the South.
|
Cotton Gin
|
|
|
In 1937, FDR tried to pass a court reform bill that would allow the president to appoint an additional Supreme Court justice for each current justice over the age of 70, up to a maximum of six appointments.
|
Court Packing Scheme
|
|
|
Though FDR claimed his additional justices was offered in concern for the workload of older justices, the proposal was an obvious attempt to dilute the power of the older, conservative justices.
|
Court Packing Scheme
|
|
|
F.D.R.'s court packing scheme was ______.
|
voted down by the senate
|
|
|
A railroad construction company that was created to build the Union Pacific Railroad.
|
Credit Mobilier
|
|
|
In the 1870s, its tactics were found to be fraudulent--its stockholders were taking congressional funds meant for railroad construction for their own personal use.
|
Credit Mobilier
|
|
|
The Credit Mobilier stockholders were giving stock in the company to congressional members and the vice president to avoid being _________.
|
convicted
|
|
|
State laws that institutionalized segregation in the South from the 1880s through the 1960s.
|
Jim Crow Laws
|
|
|
Along with segregating schools, buses, and other public accommodations, these laws made it difficult or impossible for southern blacks to vote and often forbade intermarriage.
|
Jim Crow Laws
|
|
|
In 1962, the U.S. learned that Soviet missile bases were being constructed in Cuba. President John F. Kennedy demanded that the USSR stop shipping equipment and remove the bases.
|
Cuban Missile Crisis
|
|
|
The administration considered numerous options to force compliance, but ultimately ordered a naval blockade of Cuba.
|
Cuban Missile Crisis
|
|
|
Nuclear war seemed imminent, but Soviet Premier Khrushchev backed down and dismantled the bases in return for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba.
|
Cuban Missile Crisis
|
|
|
A civil war hero, was sent to the hills of South Dakota in 1874 to fight off Native American threats. When gold was discovered in the region, the government ordered his forces to hunt down all Sioux not in reservations after January 31, 1876.
|
George Armstrong Custer
|
|
|
At this Battle, the Sioux wiped out an overconfident Custer and his men.
|
Battle of the Little Bighorn
|
|
|
Defended John Scopes in the Scopes Monkey trial.
|
Clarence Darrow
|
|
|
The Scopes Monkey trial took place in what year?
|
1925
|
|
|
Even though his client, John Scopes, lost the case, Clarence Darrow argued masterfully in court, and in so doing weakened the influence and popularity of ___________ nationwide.
|
fundamentalism
|
|
|
A former secretary of war, HE was elected president of the Confederacy shortly after its formation.
|
Jefferson Davis
|
|
|
He was never able to garner adequate public support and faced great difficulties in uniting the Confederate states under one central authority.
|
Jefferson Davis
|
|
|
Devised by banker Charles G. Dawes in 1924, scaled back U.S. demands for debt payments and reparations from World War I and established a cycle of loans to Germany.
|
Dawes Plan
|
|
|
These loans provided Germany with funds for its payment to the Allies, thus funding Allied debt payments to the U.S.
|
Dawes Plan
|
|
|
Called for the breakup of reservations and the treatment of Native Americans as individuals.
|
Dawes Severalty Act
|
|
|
The Dawes Severalty Act was passed in what year?
|
1887
|
|
|
Any Native American who accepted the act's terms received 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land and was guaranteed U.S. citizenship in 25 years.
|
Dawes Severalty Act
|
|
|
It was intended to help Native Americans integrate into white society, in practice it caused widespread poverty and homelessness.
|
Dawes Severalty Act
|
|
|
A prominent socialist leader and five-time presidential candidate.
|
Eugene Debs
|
|
|
Formed the American Railways Union in 1893.
|
Eugene Debs
|
|
|
He led the Pullman Strike in 1894.
|
Eugene Debs
|
|
|
He helped found the Industrial Workers of the World, in 1905. In 1918, he was imprisoned for denouncing the government's aggressive tactics under the Espionage Act and Sedition Amendment; he was released in 1921.
|
Eugene Debs
|
|
|
Was approved by Congress on July 4, 1776. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, it formalized the colonies' separation from Britain and laid out Enlightenment values (best expressed by John Locke) of natural rights to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" upon which the American Revolution was based.
|
Declaration of Independence
|
|
|
On January 1, 1942, prompted by American entry into World War II, representatives of 26 nations signed it.
|
Declaration of the United Nations
|
|
|
The nations who signed it, pledged to support the Atlantic Charter and vowed not to make separate peace agreements with the enemy.
|
Declaration of the United Nations
|
|
|
Passed in 1766 just after the Stamp Act, IT stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.
|
Declaratory Act
|
|
|
Most colonists interpreted this act as a face-saving mechanism and nothing more, Parliament however continually interpreted the act in its broadest sense in order to legislate in and control the colonies.
|
Declaratory Act
|
|
|
The name used to mask the identity of an informant who helped Washington Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein as they delved into the Watergate scandal.
|
Deep Throat
|
|
|
Influenced the spirit of rationalism, they believed that God, like a celestial clockmaker, had created a perfect universe and then had stepped back to let it operate according to natural laws.
|
Deists
|
|
|
Formed in opposition to the Federalists during the Washington administration, it aimed for minimalist government.
|
Democratic Party
|
|
|
It championed states' rights and fought political domination by the economic elite. It opposed tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and bigger government, before it was transformed.
|
Democratic Party
|
|
|
It was transformed in the 1930s when FDR's New Deal policies won it the support of urban workers, blacks and women.
|
Democratic Party
|
|
|
Refers to the relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and USSR in the 1960s and 1970s.
|
Détente
|
|
|
During this period, the U.S. and USSR signed treaties limiting nuclear arms productions and opened up economic relations.
|
Détente
|
|
|
During Détente one of the most famous advocates of this policy was President Richard Nixon's secretary of state, ________.
|
Henry Kissinger
|
|
|
A Massachusetts schoolteacher, who studied the condition of the insane in poorhouses and prisons.
|
Dorthea Dix
|
|
|
Her efforts helped bring about the creation of insane asylums, where the mentally ill could be more humanely treated.
|
Dorthea Dix
|
|
|
A name for William Howard Taft's foreign policy.
|
Dollar Diplomacy
|
|
|
President Taft sought to address international problems by extending American investment overseas, believing that extending such activity would both benefit the U.S. economy and promote stability abroad.
|
Dollar Diplomacy
|
|
|
Expressed the idea that if any nation fell to communism, the surrounding nations would likely fall to communism as well.
|
Domino theory
|
|
|
This theory, expounded by Dwight D. Eisenhower, served to justify U.S. intervention in Vietnam.
|
Domino theory
|
|
|
According to this theory, if Vietnam became communist, much of Southeast Asia would as well, thus justifying U.S. military opposition to the Vietcong.
|
Domino theory
|
|
|
He first rose to national prominence as speaker of the House, when he pushed the Compromise of 1850 through Congress.
|
Stephen Douglass
|
|
|
He became the leading Northern Democrat and supporter of popular sovereignty and authored the Kansas-Nebraska Act.
|
Stephen Douglass
|
|
|
He battled Abraham Lincoln for a seat in the Senate (successfully) in 1858, and for president (unsuccessfully) in 1860.
|
Stephen Douglass
|
|
|
Is perhaps the most famous of all abolitionists. An escaped slave, he worked closely with William Lloyd Garrison to promote abolitionism in the 1830s.
|
Fredrick Douglass
|
|
|
From 1577 to 1580 he circumnavigated the globe.
|
Sir Francis Drake
|
|
|
He was a privateer, or a captain who could loot other ships. He was sent by England's Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships and settlements for gold.
|
Sir Francis Drake
|
|
|
A captain who could loot other ships.
|
privateer
|
|
|
He helped defend England against the Spanish. As a result the Spaniards called him El Draque, or "the Dragon."
|
Sir Francis Drake
|
|
|
In this 1857 case, the Supreme Court ruled that no black, whether slave or free, could become a U.S. citizen or sue in federal court.
|
Dred Scott v. Sandford
|
|
|
This Supreme Court decision argued that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because it violated the Fifth Amendment's protection of property--including slaves--from being taken away without due process.
|
Dred Scott v. Sandford
|
|
|
Was the African American leader most opposed to the gradual approach to achieving equal rights presented by Booker T. Washington.
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
|
|
He advocated immediate equal treatment and equal educational opportunities for blacks. He helped initiate the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
|
|
The name given to the southern, Great Plains region (Arkansas, Texas, Missouri, and Oklahoma) during the 1930s, when a sever drought and fierce winds led to violent dust storms that destroyed farmland, machinery, and houses and led to countless injuries.
|
Dust Bowl
|
|
|
Roughly 800,000 residents migrated west from this geographic disaster toward California during the 1930s and 1940s.
|
Dust Bowl
|
|
|
President Eisenhower's name for his philosophy of government.
|
Dynamic Conservatism
|
|
|
President Eisenhower used this name to distinguish his philosophy of government from the Republican administrations of the past, which he deemed backward-looking and complacent.
|
Dynamic conservatism
|
|
|
He was determined to work with the Democratic Party, rather than against it, and at times he opposed proposals made by more conservative members of his own party.
|
President Eisenhower
|
|
|
An element of Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society, THIS LAW established an Office of Economic Opportunity to provide young Americans with job training and created a volunteer network devoted to social work and education in impoverished areas.
|
Economic Opportunity Act
|
|
|
Ratified on January 16, 1919, prohibited the manufacture, transport, or sale of alcoholic beverages.
|
Eighteenth Amendment
|
|
|
It was sporadically enforced, violated by many, and repealed in 1933.
|
Eighteenth Amendment (prohibition)
|
|
|
A Republican served as president from 1953 to 1961.
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
|
|
Along with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles HE sought to lessen Cold War tensions. One notable success in this realm was the ending of the Korean War.
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
|
|
Before serving as President HE was the supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force in World War II, coordinating Operation Overlord and the American drive from Paris to Berlin.
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower
|
|
|
Announced in 1957, IT committed the U.S. to preventing Communist aggression in the Middle East, with troops if necessary.
|
Eisenhower Doctrine
|
|
|
Article I, Section VIII, of the Constitution states that Congress shall have the power "to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution…powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States."
|
Elastic clause
|
|
|
This CLAUSE, was a point of contention between those who favored a loose reading of the Constitution and those who favored a strict reading.
|
Elastic clause
|
|
|
The U.S. public does not vote directly for the president; instead they vote in statewide elections for ______.
|
electors
|
|
|
It is the group of representatives chosen by the voters to vote directly for the president and the vice president.
|
Electoral College
|
|
|
Each state is given one electoral vote fore every senator (two) and representative (at least one) from that state.
|
Electoral College
|
|
|
When presidential elections are held in each state, the winner in the state receives all of its electoral votes.
|
Electoral College/ All or none rule
|
|
|
It was issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, to free all slaves under Confederate control.
|
Emancipation Proclamation
|
|
|
It did not effect the slave states within the Union or the parts of the Confederacy in Union hands, and therefore in practice freed very few slaves.
|
Emancipation Proclamation
|
|
|
It gave the Union a new objective (i.e. emancipation) in the Civil War.
|
Emancipation Proclamation
|
|
|
Thomas Jefferson endorsed THIS ACT in December of 1807, ending all of America's importation and exportation.
|
Embargo Act
|
|
|
President Jefferson hoped THIS ACT would pressure the French and British to recognize U.S. neutrality rights in exchange for U.S. goods. In reality the act hurt the American economy more than the British or the French, leading to the act's repeal in March 1809.
|
Embargo Act
|
|
|
The opening act of the New Deal, IT provided a framework for the many banks that had closed early in 1933 to reopen with federal support.
|
Emergency Banking Relief Act
|
|
|
Was Herbert Hoover's principal effort to lower the unemployment rate.
|
Emergency Committee for Unemployment
|
|
|
Established in October 1930, the committee sought to organize unemployment relief by voluntary agencies, but Hoover granted the committee only limited resources with which to work.
|
Emergency Committee for Unemployment
|
|
|
Was a leader of the transcendentalist movement and an advocate of American literary nationalism. He influenced a number of influential essays during the 1830s and 1840s, including Nature" and "Self Reliance."
|
Ralph Waldo Emerson
|
|
|
THESE ACTS were passed largely in response to the activities of the Ku Klux Klan, THEY protected black suffrage during reconstruction.
|
Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871
|
|
|
This Supreme Court decision in 1962 ruled that school prayer is unconstitutional.
|
Engle v. Vitale
|
|
|
New York state had permitted "nonsectarian" prayer in public schools, but THIS DECISION ruled that this was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court later ruled that the Bible could not be read in public schools.
|
Engle v. Vitale
|
|
|
Also known as the Age of Reason, IT was an intellectual movement that spread through Europe and America in the eighteenth century.
|
Enlightenment
|
|
|
Followers of this movement championed the principles of rationalism and logic in all areas of thought--religious, political, social, and economic.
|
Enlightenment
|
|
|
The skepticism of followers of THIS MOVEMENT toward beliefs that could not be proved by science or clear logic naturally led to Deism.
|
Enlightenment
|
|
|
An energy trading company, filed for bankruptcy in 2001, dissolving millions of dollars in profit-sharing pension plans held by employees.
|
Enron Corporation
|
|
|
This energy trading company and other top corporations were investigated in the early 2000s for illegal accounting practices.
|
Enron Corporation
|
|
|
Supported by the National Organization for Women, IT, was first proposed in 1923, IT would have prevented all gender-based discrimination practices.
|
Equal Rights Amendment
|
|
|
In the 1970s, the House and Senate passed this amendment, and sent it to the states for ratification. The amendment failed to be approved by three-fourths of the states and so was never added to the Constitution.
|
Equal Rights Amendment
|
|
|
Name used to describe the period between the end of the war of 1812 and the rise of Andrew Jackson in 1828.
|
Era of Good Feelings
|
|
|
During this period the U.S. was governed by under a one-party system that promoted nationalism and cooperation.
|
Era of Good Feelings
|
|
|
The era centers on the period of James Monroe's presidency, as Monroe strove to avoid political conflict and strengthen American nationalism and pride.
|
Era of Good Feelings
|
|
|
He was the alleged leader of a group of Icelandic people who sailed to the eastern coast of Canada and unsuccessfully attempted to colonize the area around 1000, nearly 500 years before Columbus arrived in America.
|
Leif Ericson
|
|
|
Begun in 1817 and finished in 1825, IT was America's first major canal project.
|
Erie Canal
|
|
|
It stretched from Albany to Buffalo, New York, measuring a total of 363 miles.
|
Erie Canal
|
|
|
Passed in 1917, IT enumerated a list of antiwar activities warranting fines or imprisonment.
|
Espionage Act
|
|
|
THIS field, popularized during the Progressive Era, was founded on the premise that the "perfect" human society could be achieved through genetic tinkering.
|
Eugenics
|
|
|
IT was often used to justify a supremacist, white Protestant ideology advocating the elimination of "undesirable racial elements" from American society.
|
Eugenics
|
|
|
HE was an NAACP leader in Mississippi. I 1963, following President Kennedy's speech for civil rights, HE was assassinated in Jackson Mississippi.
|
Medgar Evers
|
|
|
It was Harry S. Truman's attempt to extend the policies of the New Deal.
|
Fair Deal
|
|
|
Beginning in 1949, IT included measures to increase the minimum wage, expand Social Security, and construct low-income housing.
|
Fair Deal
|
|
|
THIS 1938 Act provided far a minimum wage and restricted shipment of goods produced with child labor, symbolizing the FDR administration's commitment to working together with labor forces.
|
Fair Labor Standards Act
|
|
|
During the 1880's, IT took the place of the Grange as a support group for the nation's farmers.
|
Farmers' Alliance
|
|
|
IT was politically active in the Midwest and South, and was central to the founding of the Populist Party.
|
Farmer's Alliance
|
|
|
It was created as part of the first New Deal to increase faith in the banking system by insuring individual deposits with federal funds.
|
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
|
|
|
One of the New Deal's most comprehensive measures, appropriated $500 million to support state and local treasuries that had run dry. It was passed in May 1933.
|
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)
|
|
|
A late effort by Hoover to address the problems of the destitute, this 1932 act established a series of banks to make loans to other banks, building and loan associations, and insurance agencies in an attempt to prevent foreclosures on private homes.
|
Federal Home Loan Bank Act
|
|
|
Woodrow Wilson's most notable legislative success, this 1913 act reorganized the American banking system by creating a network of twelve Federal Reserve banks authorized to distribute currency.
|
Federal Reserve Act
|
|
|
Is responsible for making monetary policy in the U.S. It operates mainly through the mechanisms of buying and selling government bonds and adjusting interest rates.
|
Federal Reserve Board (a.k.a. "the Fed")
|
|
|
The policy affecting the money supply.
|
monetary policy
|
|
|
During the Great Depression IT was given greater power and freedom to directly regulate the economy.
|
Federal Reserve Board (a.k.a. "the Fed")
|
|
|
This May 1933 ACT made corporate executives liable for any misrepresentation of securities issued by their companies. It paved the way for future acts to regulate the stock market.
|
Federal Securities Act
|
|
|
This 1914 ACT created the Federal Trade Commission.
|
Federal Trade Commission Act
|
|
|
Was created to monitor and investigate firms involved in interstate commerce and to issue "cease and desist" orders when business practices violated free competition.
|
Federal Trade Commission
|
|
|
This 1914 ACT was a central part of Wilson's plan to aggressively regulate business.
|
Federal Trade Commission Act
|
|
|
A series of newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.
|
The Federalist Papers
|
|
|
THEY enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted arguments of the Anti-Federalists.
|
The Federalist Papers
|
|
|
Led by Alexander Hamilton, THEY believed in a strong central government. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the U.S.
|
Federalists
|
|
|
Their influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention.
|
Federalists
|
|
|
When Zachary Taylor died on July 9, 1850, THIS Vice President took over as president and served the remainder of Taylor's term, until 1853.
|
Millard Fillmore
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This president helped to push the Compromise of 1850 through Congress.
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Millard Fillmore
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Betty Friedan's BOOK, published in 1963, was a rallying cry for the women's liberation movement.
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The Feminine Mystique
|
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This BOOK denounced the belief that women should be tied to the home and encouraged women to get involved in activities outside of their home and family.
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The Feminine Mystique
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Ratified in March 1870, IT prohibited the denial of voting rights to any citizen based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude."
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Fifteenth Amendment
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They were FDR's radio broadcasts to the citizens of the U.S. during his presidency. Through these broadcasts he encouraged confidence and national unity and cultivated a feeling of governmental compassion.
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Fireside chats
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IT convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts.
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First Continental Congress
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IT endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.
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First Continental Congress
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Was a time of religious fervor during the 1730s and 1740s.
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First Great Awakening
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The movement arose in reaction to the rise of skepticism and the waning of religious faith brought about by the Enlightenment.
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First Great Awakening
|
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Protestant ministers held revivals throughout the English colonies in America, stressing the need for individuals to repent and urging personal understanding of truth.
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First Great Awakening
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From March 4 to June 16, 1933 of Franklin Roosevelt's presidency, encompassed a period of dramatic legislative productivity.
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First Hundred Days
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During this period, FDR laid out the programs that constituted the New Deal.
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First Hundred Days
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A prominent author during the Roaring Twenties, HE wrote stories and novels that both glorified and criticized the wild lives of the carefree and the prosperous.
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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His most famous works include This Side of Paradise (1920) and The Great Gatsby (1925)
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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A central stereotype of the Jazz Age, IT was a flamboyant, liberated, pleasure-seeking young woman seen more in media portrayals than in reality.
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Flapper
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The archetypal ONE had a look that was tomboyish and fashionable: short bobbed hair; knee-length, fringed skirts; long, draping necklaces; and rolled stockings.
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Flapper
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Part of the Compromise of 1833, IT authorized President Jackson to use arms to collect duties in South Carolina.
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Force Bill
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A Republican, HE took over the presidency from Richard Nixon, after the Watergate scandal prompted Nixon to resign, on August 9, 1974.
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Gerald Ford
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He pardoned Nixon and pushed a conservative domestic policy, but was little more than a caretaker of the White House until his defeat in the election of 1976.
|
Gerald Ford
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On January 8, 1918, Woodrow Wilson outlined a liberal and idealistic peace program with this list.
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Fourteen Points
|
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This plan called for unrestricted sea travel, free trade, arms reduction, an end to secret treaties, the territorial reorganization of Europe in favor of self-rule, and, most importantly, the creation of "a general association of nations" to protect peace and resolve conflicts.
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Fourteen Points
|
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Ratified in July 1868 (ratification was a prerequisite for ex-Confederate states' readmission into the Union), this amendment guaranteed the rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S., black and white, and provided the loss of congressional representation to any state that denied suffrage to any of its male citizens.
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Fourteenth Amendment
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He controlled the rightist forces during the Spanish Civil War.
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Francisco Franco
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His fascist government ruled Spain from 1939 until 1975.
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Francisco Franco
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During the Revolutionary War, HE served as an ambassador to France. HE was the oldest delegate to the Constitutional Convention and his advice proved crucial for the drafting of the Constitution.
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Benjamin Franklin
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He has often been held up as the paradigm of Enlightenment thought in Colonial America because of his contributions to the fields of science and philosophy.
|
Benjamin Franklin
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Established in 1865 and staffed by Union army officers, IT worked to protect black rights in the South and to provide employment, medical care, and education to Southern blacks.
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Freedmen's Bureau
|
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It was a 1961 program led by the Congress of Racial Equality and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, in which black and white members of the two organizations rode through the South on public buses to protest segregation in interstate transportation.
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Freedom ride
|
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It was Democrat Stephen A. Douglas's attempt to reconcile his belief in popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision.
|
Freeport Doctrine
|
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In the famed Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1958, Douglas argued that territories could effectively forbid slavery by failing to enact slave codes, even though the Dred Scott decision deprived government of the right to restrict slavery in the territories.
|
Freeport Doctrine
|
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A political party supporting abolition, IT was formed in 1848 from the merger of a northern faction of the Democratic Party, the abolitionist Liberty Party, and antislavery Whigs.
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Free-Soil Party
|
|
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This party nominated Martin Van Buren as their candidate for President in 1848.
|
Free-Soil Party
|
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The relative success of this party in 1848 demonstrated that slavery had become the central issue in national politics.
|
Free-Soil Party
|
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This war in North America (1754-1763) mirrored the Seven Years War in Europe (1756-1763).
|
French and Indian War
|
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English colonists and soldiers fought the French and their Native American allies for dominance in North America.
|
French and Indian War
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England's eventual victory, in this war, brought England control of much disputed territory and eliminated the French as a threat to English dominance in the Americas.
|
French and Indian War
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This law was originally passed in 1793, and strengthened as part of the Compromise of 1850, IT allowed Southerners to send posses onto Northern soil to retrieve runaway slaves.
|
Fugitive Slave Act
|
|
|
During the 1850s, Northerners mounted resistance to THIS ACT by aiding escaping slaves and passing personal liberty laws.
|
Fugitive Slave Act
|
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IT emerged in the early 1900s as a reaction against the many scientific and social challenges facing conservative American Protestantism.
|
Fundamentalism
|
|
|
THEY insisted upon the divine inspiration and truth of every word in the Bible.
|
Protestant fundamentalists
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|
This movement peaked in the 1920s with the antievolution movement, culminating in the Scopes Monkey Trial. It also had a resurgence in the 1970s and is still present today.
|
Fundamentalism
|
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During the 1830s, abolitionists sent endless petitions to congress demanding the outlawing of slavery in Washington, D.C. In 1836, Southerners pushed THIS rule through Congress, which tabled all abolitionist petitions and prevented antislavery discussions.
|
Gag Rule
|
|
|
This rule was repealed in 1844, under increasing pressure from Northern abolitionists and from those concerned with the rule's restriction of the right to petition.
|
Gag Rule
|
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HE was a Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail from Europe to India.
|
Vasco da Gama
|
|
|
HE led four ships that sailed around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa, opening a trade route to India that is still used today.
|
Vasco da Gama
|
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He was the founder of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator.
|
William Lloyd Garrison
|
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|
He was the most famous abolitionist of the 1830s.
|
William Lloyd Garrison
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Known as a radical, he pushed for equal rights for blacks and went so far as to encourage good Christians to abstain from all aspects of politics, including voting, in protest against the nation's corrupt and prejudicial political system.
|
William Lloyd Garrison
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He was a powerful African-American leader during the 1920s, he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and advocated a mass migration of African Americans back to Africa.
|
Marcus Garvey
|
|
|
His radical movement won a substantial following. He was convicted of fraud in 1923 and was deported to Jamaica in 1927. The UNIA collapsed without his leadership.
|
Marcus Garvey
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He was sent to the U.S. in 1793 by the new French government, which had come to power after the French Revolution. He sought American aid in France's conflicts with Britain and Spain. However, the U.S. had already declared itself neutral in the conflict, and HIS visit strained diplomatic relations between the U.S. and France.
|
Citizen Genet
|
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In a speech that began "Four score and seven years ago," Abraham Lincoln recast the war as a historic test of the ability of democracy to survive.
|
Gettysburg Address
|
|
|
HE delivered a speech on November 19, 1863, at the dedication of a cemetery for casualties of the Union victory at the Battle of Gettysburg.
|
Abraham Lincoln
|
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|
THE founding leader of the American Federation of Labor.
|
Samuel Gompers
|
|
|
Under his leadership, the American Federation of Labor rarely went on strike, but rather took a more pragmatic approach based on negotiating for gradual concessions.
|
Samuel Gompers
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|
In 1933, Franklin Roosevelt announced THIS POLICY toward Latin America.
|
"Good Neighbor" policy
|
|
|
Franklin Roosevelt pledged that no nation, not even the U.S., had the right to interfere in the affairs of any other nation.
|
"Good Neighbor" policy
|
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|
The last Soviet political leader, becoming general secretary of the Communist Party in 1985 and then President of the USSR in 1988.
|
Mikhail Gorbachev
|
|
|
HE helped ease tension between the U.S. and the USSR, work that earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.
|
Mikhail Gorbachev
|
|
|
He oversaw the fall of the Soviet Union and resigned as president on December 25, 1991.
|
Mikhail Gorbachev
|
|
|
It was one justification for the enormous and growing gap between rich and poor in the U.S. during the so-called Industrial Revolution. It centered on the claim that anyone could become wealthy with enough hard work and determination.
|
Gospel of Success
|
|
|
This ideology was supported by writers like Horatio Alger.
|
Gospel of Success
|
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|
Beginning in 1895, many Southern states established, THIS CLAUSE, exempting anyone who was able to vote before 1867, or their descendants, from having to meet strict literacy or property requirements for voting.
|
Grandfather Clause
|
|
|
Blacks did not have the right to vote until 1870, and so were not exempt, by THIS CLAUSE, from the strict voting requirements, established after the end of Reconstruction.
|
Grandfather Clause
|
|
|
THIS CLAUSE, which enabled poor and illiterate whites to vote, was symbolic of the inequalities between blacks and whites.
|
Grandfather Clause
|
|
|
Common name given to the Patrons of Husbandry, was formed in 1867 as a support system for struggling western farmers.
|
Grange
|
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|
IT offered farmers education and fellowship, providing a forum for homesteaders to share advice and emotional support at biweekly social functions.
|
Grange
|
|
|
Group started in 1867 which represented famers' needs in dealings with big business and the federal government.
|
Grange
|
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|
The commanding general of the Union forces in the West for much of the war and of all Union forces during the last year of the war.
|
Ulysses S. Grant
|
|
|
HE became the nation's eighteenth president serving from 1869 to 1877.
|
Ulysses S. Grant
|
|
|
As president he presided over the decline of Reconstruction.
|
Ulysses S. Grant
|
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|
President Grant's administration was marred by ___.
|
corruption
|
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|
IT was an eight-month discussion in Congress over Henry Clay's proposed compromise to admit California as a free state, allow the remainder of the Mexican cession (Utah and New Mexico territories) to be decided by popular sovereignty, and strengthen the Fugitive Slave Act.
|
Great Debate
|
|
|
Henry Clay's solution to congressional conflict which was passed as separate bills.
|
Compromise of 1850.
|
|
|
Lyndon B. Johnson's program for domestic policy, that aimed to achieve racial equality, an end to poverty, and improvements in healthcare.
|
Great Society
|
|
|
Lyndon Johnson pushed a number of, THIS PLANS, laws through Congress early in his presidency, but much of THIS PLANS goals failed to materialize fully, as the administration turned its attention toward foreign affairs.
|
Great Society
|
|
|
Passed in the Senate in 1964 following questionable reports of a naval confrontation between North Vietnamese and U.S. forces, THIS ACT granted President Johnson broad wartime powers without explicitly declaring war.
|
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
|
|
|
War name for its location near the Persian Gulf.
|
Gulf War
|
|
|
This war began when Iraqis under the leadership of Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in August 1990.
|
Gulf War
|
|
|
In January 1991, the U.S. attacked Iraqi troops, supply lines, and bases. In late February, U.S. ground troops launched an attack on Kuwait City, successfully driving out the Iraqis.
|
Gulf War
|
|
|
A total of 148 Americans died in this war, while over 100,000 Iraqis died, both military personnel and civilians.
|
Gulf War
|
|
|
He emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of The Federalist Papers.
|
Alexander Hamilton
|
|
|
As secretary of the treasury under Washington, HE spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.
|
Alexander Hamilton
|
|
|
President from 1921 until his death in 1923, HE ushered in a decade of Republican dominance in the U.S.
|
Warren G. Harding
|
|
|
He accommodated the needs of big business and scaled back government involvement in social programs. After HIS death, his administration was found to be rife with corruption.
|
Warren G. Harding
|
|
|
The flowering of black culture in New York City's Harlem neighborhood during the 1920s.
|
Harlem Renaissance
|
|
|
Black writers and artists produced plays, poetry, and novels that often reflected the unique African-American experience in America and in Northern cities in particular.
|
Harlem Renaissance
|
|
|
In 1859, John Brown led twenty-one men in seizing a federal arsenal, at this location in Virginia, in a failed attempt to incite a slave rebellion.
|
Harper's Ferry
|
|
|
A meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812, in which the party enumerated its complaints against the ruling Republican Party.
|
Hartford Convention
|
|
|
The Federalists, already losing influence, hoped that antiwar sentiment would give support to their cause and return them to power. Perceived victory in the war, however, turned many against the Federalists, whose actions in THIS MEETING were viewed as traitorous.
|
Hartford Convention
|
|
|
He was an early American fiction writer. His most famous work, The Scarlet Letter (1850), explored the moral dilemmas of adultery in a Puritan community.
|
Nathaniel Hawthorne
|
|
|
This compromise resolved the conflict arising from the presidential election of 1876.
|
Hayes-Tilden Compromise
|
|
|
Republican leaders contested the election returns of some states thus ensuring the victory of Republican Rutherford B. Hayes against Democrat Samuel J. Tilden--who won the popular vote.
|
Hayes-Tilden Compromise
|
|
|
To minimize protest from the Democrats, Republicans agreed to end Reconstruction by removing federal troops from the last two occupied states in the South.
|
Hayes-Tilden Compromise
|
|
|
In 1886, workers held a rally in Chicago to protest police brutality against strikers. A riot erupted in violence after someone threw a bomb, killing seven policemen and prompting a police backlash.
|
Haymarket riot
|
|
|
After THIS riot, leaders of the Knights of Labor were arrested and imprisoned, and public support for the union cause plunged.
|
Haymarket riot
|
|
|
HE bought the New York Journal in the late 1890s. His paper along with Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, engaged in yellow journalism, printing sensational reports of Spanish activities in Cuba designed to win a circulation war between the two newspapers.
|
William Randolph Hearst
|
|
|
In 1975, Gerald Ford and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev, along with leaders of 31 other states, signed THIS AGREEMENT to solidify European boundaries and promise to respect human rights and the freedom to travel.
|
Helsinki Accords
|
|
|
This was the site of the first atomic bomb attack.
|
Hiroshima
|
|
|
On August 6, 1945, the U.S. used an atomic bomb to destroy THIS Japanese city, killing 70,000 of its citizens instantaneously and injuring another 70,000, many of whom later died of radiation poisoning.
|
Hiroshima
|
|
|
In 1948, Time editor Whittaker Chambers accused THIS longtime government worker of spying for the USSR.
|
Alger Hiss
|
|
|
After a series of highly publicized hearings and trials, HE was convicted of perjury in 1950 and sentenced to five years imprisonment, emboldening conservatives to redouble their efforts to root out subversives within the government.
|
Alger Hiss
|
|
|
He became Chancellor of Germany in January of 1933. As chancellor, he led the nation to economic recovery by mobilizing industry for the purposes of war.
|
Adolph Hitler
|
|
|
His fascist Nazi Party undertook measures of mass genocide and, through efforts to gain global hegemony, ushered Europe into World War II.
|
Adolph Hitler
|
|
|
Was the leader of the Vietnamese revolutionaries and Communists called the Viet Minh, and later the Viet Cong.
|
Ho Chi Minh
|
|
|
He fought for control of Vietnam against the French and other anti-Communists, leading to the division between South and North Vietnam, and subsequently the Vietnam War.
|
Ho Chi Minh
|
|
|
It is the name for the Nazis' systematic persecution and extermination of European Jews from 1933 until 1945.
|
Holocaust
|
|
|
More than six million Jews died in concentration camps throughout Germany and Nazi-occupied lands.
|
Holocaust
|
|
|
THIS ACT, passed in 1862, encouraged settlement of the West.
|
Homestead Act
|
|
|
THIS ACT offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay ten dollars, live on the land for five years and cultivate and improve it.
|
Homestead Act
|
|
|
Year of the Homestead Act.
|
1862
|
|
|
In 1892, steelworkers near Pittsburgh staged THIS STRIKE against the Carnegie Steel Company to protest a pay cut and the 70-hour workweek.
|
Homestead Strike
|
|
|
Ten workers were killed in a riot that began when 300 "scabs" from New York (Pinkerton detectives) arrived to break the strike. Federal troops were called in to suppress the violence.
|
Homestead Strike
|
|
|
Served as president from 1929 to 1933.
|
Herbert Hoover
|
|
|
Served as president during the stock market collapse and the height of the Great Depression.
|
Herbert Hoover
|
|
|
A conservative, HE made only limited efforts to control the economic and social problems of the nation, during the depression, efforts that were generally considered to be too little too late.
|
Herbert Hoover
|
|
|
He did set the stage for many future New Deal measures during the last year of hi presidency.
|
Herbert Hoover
|
|
|
Served as head of the FBI from 1924 until his death in 1972.
|
J. Edgar Hoover
|
|
|
As head of the FBI, HE aggressively investigated suspected subversives during the Cold War.
|
J. Edgar Hoover
|
|
|
Communities of destitute Americans living in shanties and makeshift shacks. The homeless constructed these shantytowns around most major U.S. cities in the in the early 1930s, providing a stark reminder of Hoover's failure to alleviate the poverty of the Great Depression.
|
Hooverville
|
|
|
Established in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619, is considered to be the first representative government in the New World. It consisted of 22 representatives from 11 districts of colonists.
|
House of Burgesses
|
|
|
During the period of McCarthyism, THIS provided the congressional forum in which many hearings about suspected communists in the government took place.
|
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
|
|
|
An English explorer sponsored by the Dutch East India Company, HE sailed up the river that now bears his name in 1609, nearly reaching present-day Albany.
|
Henry Hudson
|
|
|
His explorations gave the Dutch territorial claims to the Hudson Bay region.
|
Henry Hudson
|
|
|
He was the leader of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.
|
Saddam Hussein
|
|
|
He initiated an invasion of neighboring Iran in 1980 resulting in eight years of war between those two countries.
|
Saddam Hussein
|
|
|
In August 1990, he led the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, sparking the Gulf War.
|
Saddam Hussein
|
|
|
He was driven out of power by a U.S.-led invasion and occupation of Iraq in 2003.
|
Saddam Hussein
|
|
|
She was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community.
|
Anne Hutchinson
|
|
|
Eventually HER faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 and traveled southward with a number of followers.
|
Anne Hutchinson
|
|
|
After being expelled from Massachusetts Bay She and her followers established the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island.
|
Anne Hutchinson
|
|
|
In 1950, the U.S. began a program to develop this weapon.
|
Hydrogen bomb
|
|
|
The U.S. exploded the first one in 1952, the Soviet Union exploded one in 1953.
|
Hydrogen bomb
|
|
|
At Bikini Atoll in 1954, it yielded greater fallout than expected. This along with the Soviet Union's development of this weapon led the U.S. to propose a resolution to use atomic energy only for peaceful means.
|
Hydrogen bomb
|
|
|
In 1921, the FIRST ONE set a quota for immigration of only three percent of the 1910 U.S. population of a nationality.
|
Immigration Acts
|
|
|
In 1924, the quota was lowered to two percent of the population of a nationality in 1890.
|
Immigration Acts
|
|
|
In 1927, a limit was set of 150,000 per year of western and northern European immigrants.
|
Immigration Acts
|
|
|
IT ended the quotas and set a limit of 120,000 immigrants from the Western Hemisphere, and 170,000 outside the Western Hemisphere.
|
Immigration Act of 1965
|
|
|
In the early 1800s, the British practiced THIS policy whereby the British boarded ships in search of British naval deserters, whom they would force back into service.
|
Impressment
|
|
|
Often, naturalized or native-born Americans were also seized, provoking outrage in America. IT was one of a string of British violation against U.S. neutrality rights in the early 1800s that helped spark the War of 1812.
|
Impressment
|
|
|
THEY were usually white adult males who bound themselves to labor in the colonies for a fixed number of years in order to secure their freedom.
|
Indentured servants
|
|
|
Some immigrants came to the colonies willingly, while others were criminals, and still others were kidnapped or manipulated into coming in order to remedy the severe labor shortage in the colonies.
|
Indentured servitude
|
|
|
IT was signed into law in 1840. IT established an independent treasury to hold public funds in reserve and prevent excessive lending by state banks, thus guarding against inflation.
|
Independent Treasury Bill
|
|
|
IT was a response to the panic of 1837, which many blamed on the risky and excessive lending practices of state banks.
|
Independent Treasury Bill
|
|
|
Passed in 1830, IT granted Jackson the funds and authority to move Native Americans to assigned lands in the West.
|
Indian Removal Act
|
|
|
IT primarily targeted the Cherokee tribe in Georgia, as part of the federal government's broad plan to claim Native American lands inside the boundaries of the states.
|
Indian Removal Act
|
|
|
In 1887, Congress passed THIS ACT, which forbade price discrimination and other monopolistic practices of the railroads.
|
Interstate Commerce Act
|
|
|
IT was a radical labor organization. Founded in 1905, IT advocated revolution and massive societal reorganization. The organization faded away around 1920.
|
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies)
|
|
|
IT is the increase of available paper money and bank credit, leading to higher prices and less-valuable currency.
|
inflation
|
|
|
THESE ACTS, passed in 1774, were the combination of the Coercive Acts, meant to punish the colonists after the 1773 Boston Tea Party and the unrelated Quebec Act.
|
Intolerable Acts
|
|
|
THESE ACTS were seen by American colonists as the blueprints for a British plan to deny the American representative government.
|
Intolerable Acts
|
|
|
THESE ACTS were the impetus for the convening of the First Continental Congress.
|
Intolerable Acts
|
|
|
In 1987, investigations exposed evidence that profits from U.S. arms sales to the anti-American government in Iran had been used to illegally finance the Contras in Nicaragua.
|
Iran-Contra affair
|
|
|
A rebel group fighting against the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua, which had communist ties.
|
Contras
|
|
|
Member of the National Security Council, that was convicted of organizing the illegal operation, of selling arms to Iran and using the money to finance the Contras, from the White House.
|
Colonel Oliver North
|
|
|
A term coined by Winston Churchill, referred to the area of Eastern Europe controlled by the USSR, usually through puppet governments. This area was cut off from noncommunist Europe.
|
Iron Curtain
|
|
|
President from 1829 to 1837.
|
Andrew Jackson
|
|
|
HE was a strong-willed and determined leader who opposed federal support for internal improvements and the Second Bank of the United States and fought for states' rights and Native American removal.
|
Andrew Jackson
|
|
|
His opponents nicknamed him "King Andrew I" because of his extensive and unprecedented use of veto power, which they viewed to be against the spirit of democracy.
|
Andrew Jackson
|
|
|
Andrew Jackson was a "common man" who rose to power because of looser voting requirements--more "common men" could vote. Jackson's ascendancy to the presidency symbolized the egalitarian political conditions in the U.S. as compared to other nations.
|
Jacksonian Democracy
|
|
|
His actual political practices, like the Kitchen Cabinet, were not as democratic. While all white males could vote, blacks and women were still not allowed to vote.
|
Jacksonian Democracy
|
|
|
HE played an important role in the establishment of the new government under the Constitution. One of the authors of The Federalist Papers (not Hamilton or Madison), he was involved in the drafting of the Constitution.
|
John Jay
|
|
|
It was signed in 1794, provided for the removal of British troops from American land and opened limited trade with the British West Indies.
|
Jay's Treaty
|
|
|
It said nothing about "impressment" of American sailors. While the American Public criticized it for being too favorable to Britain, the treaty was a great diplomatic feat of the Washington administration, since it preserved peace with Britain.
|
Jay's Treaty
|
|
|
Another name for the 1920s.
|
Jazz Age
|
|
|
Name given to the period because of the development of jazz music in that decade as well as the highly publicized (if exaggerated) accounts of wild parties, drinking, and dancing.
|
Jazz Age
|
|
|
A prominent statesman, HE became George Washington's first secretary of state.
|
Thomas Jefferson
|
|
|
Along with James Madison, HE took up the cause of the strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government.
|
Thomas Jefferson
|
|
|
The nation's third president from 1801 to 1809.
|
Thomas Jefferson
|
|
|
He organized the national government by Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality.
|
Thomas Jefferson
|
|
|
He became president upon Lincoln's death in 1865 and remained in office until 1869.
|
Andrew Johnson
|
|
|
HIS plan for presidential Reconstruction was too lenient in the eyes of a Congress heavily influenced by Radical Republicans.
|
Andrew Johnson
|
|
|
Congress fought HIS initiatives and undertook a more stringent and retributive Reconstruction plan.
|
Andrew Johnson
|
|
|
HIS relationship with Congress declined steadily during his presidency, culminating in impeachment proceedings in 1868.
|
Andrew Johnson
|
|
|
He was Kennedy's vice president and became president in 1963 after Kennedy's assassination.
|
Lyndon B. Johnson
|
|
|
He served as president until 1969, but declined to run again, in the election of 1968.
|
Lyndon B. Johnson
|
|
|
HIS presidency is most known for HIS attempts to enact HIS Great Society program at home and his decision to commit troops to fighting in the Vietnam War.
|
Lyndon B. Johnson
|
|
|
IT was created by FDR in 1942, to oversee the rapidly growing military.
|
Joint Chiefs of Staff
|
|
|
It includes representatives from the army, navy, and air force.
|
Joint Chiefs of Staff
|
|
|
By 1600, the English crown and parliament were hesitant to spend money on colonization, having exhausted much time and money in the battle against the Spanish for position in North America. In the Absence of government funding, THESE companies formed to accrue funding for colonization through the sale of public stock.
|
Joint-stock companies
|
|
|
THESE companies dominated English colonization throughout the seventeenth century.
|
Joint-stock companies
|
|
|
Principle established by Chief Justice John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison (1803)
|
Judicial Review
|
|
|
Principle that the Supreme Court could declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.
|
Judicial Review
|
|
|
IT created the federal court system.
|
Judiciary Act of 1789
|
|
|
IT established a federal district court in each state and affirmed that the Supreme Court exercised final jurisdiction in all legal matters.
|
Judiciary Act of 1789
|
|
|
Passed in 1854, IT divided the Nebraska territory into two parts, Kansas and Nebraska, and left the issue of slavery in the territories to be decided by popular sovereignty.
|
Kansas-Nebraska Act
|
|
|
IT nullified the prohibition of slavery above 36 30 degrees -latitude provided for in the Missouri Compromise of 1820.
|
Kansas-Nebraska Act
|
|
|
In 1928, more than 60 nations signed THIS AGREEMENT, which condemned the use of war.
|
Kellogg-Briand Pact
|
|
|
THIS AGREEMENT was named after U.S. Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand.
|
Kellogg-Briand Pact
|
|
|
Although the agreement was symbolically important because it made going to war a criminal act, id did not describe how to enforce it.
|
Kellogg-Briand Pact
|
|
|
A Democrat, served as president from 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.
|
John F. Kennedy
|
|
|
A young and charismatic leader, he cultivated a glorified image in the eyes of the American public. His primary achievements came in the realm of international relations, most notably the peaceful resolution of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
|
John F. Kennedy
|
|
|
The King of England from 1760 to 1820, HE exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors.
|
King George III
|
|
|
Colonists were torn between loyalty to THIS KING and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After HE rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.
|
King George III
|
|
|
HE first rose to national prominence as a civil rights leader during the 1956 Montgomery bus boycott.
|
Martin Luther King Jr.
|
|
|
Throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s, HE tirelessly led the struggle for integration and full equality through nonviolent means.
|
Martin Luther King Jr.
|
|
|
Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in _____. (year)
|
1968
|
|
|
HE served as national security adviser and secretary of state under Nixon.
|
Henry Kissinger
|
|
|
A major proponent of détente, HE often met secretly with communist leaders in efforts to improve East-West cooperation.
|
Henry Kissinger
|
|
|
Name given by Jackson's opponents to his circle of informal advisors, because its members were all his close political allies and exercised more influence on his decisions than his formal presidential cabinet did.
|
Kitchen Cabinet
|
|
|
Instead of serving as a policy forum to help shape the president's agenda, as previous ONES had done, Jackson's assumed a mostly passive and supportive role.
|
Cabinet
|
|
|
Founded in 1869, IT was one of the first major labor organizations in the U.S. It fell into decline after one of several leaders was executed for killing a policeman in the Haymarket riot in 1886.
|
Knights of Labor
|
|
|
Also called the American Party, IT largely took the place of the Whig party between 1854 and 1856, latter's demise.
|
Know-Nothing Party
|
|
|
This Party focused on issues of antislavery, anti-Catholicism, nativism, and temperance.
|
Know-Nothing Party
|
|
|
This party collapsed during the latter half of the 1850s, in part because of the rise of the Republicans (not the Free Soil Party).
|
Know-Nothing Party
|
|
|
In this 1944 case, the Supreme Court upheld FDR's 1942 executive order for the evacuation of all Japanese-Americans on the West Coast into internment camps. The camps operated until 1945.
|
Korematsu v. U.S.
|
|
|
Started on June 25, 1950 when troops from Soviet-supported North Korea, invaded South Korea.
|
Korean War
|
|
|
Without asking for a declaration of war, Truman committed U.S. troops as part of a United Nations "police action."
|
Korean War
|
|
|
IT was conducted by predominantly American forces under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. Limited fighting continued until July 1953, when an armistice restored the pre-war border between the two countries.
|
Korean War
|
|
|
It was founded in 1866 in Tennessee, and was soon controlled by Democratic politicians. By 1868, IT operated in all Southern states, conducting raids to intimidate black voters and Republican officials.
|
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
|
|
|
It faded away, but then made a resurgence beginning in 1915. IT was dominated by white native-born Protestants and advocated white supremacy. IT was investigated in 1964 for Civil rights violations.
|
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
|
|
|
According to this doctrine, the government took a "hands off" approach to the economy and let the market regulate itself.
|
Laissez-faire
|
|
|
In French it literally means "let do."
|
Laissez-faire
|
|
|
The brainchild of Woodrow Wilson, IT was a collective security body meant to provide a forum for the resolution of conflict and to prevent future world wars.
|
League of Nations
|
|
|
IT's covenant was written into the Treaty of Versailles. The U.S. Senate, however, voted against joining IT, leaving it a weak international force.
|
League of Nations
|
|
|
The commanding general of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, HE was a brilliant strategist, and excellent commander, and a brave fighter.
|
Robert E. Lee
|
|
|
Many historians believe that the Confederacy held out as long as it did only because of HIS skill and the loyalty HE earned from his troops.
|
Robert E. Lee
|
|
|
A key move in support of the Allied cause before the U.S. formally entered the war, enacted in March of 1941, IT allowed the president to lend or lease supplies to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the U.S.," such as Britain.
|
Lend-Lease Act
|
|
|
It was extended to Russia in November of 1941 after Germany invaded Russia.
|
Lend-Lease Act
|
|
|
This series of twelve letters published by John Dickinson denounced the Townshend Duties by demonstrating that many of the arguments employed against the Stamp Act were valid against the Townshend Duties as well.
|
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
|
|
|
These letters inspired anti-British sentiment throughout the colonies.
|
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
|
|
|
They were commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to explore the new territory of the Louisiana Purchase.
|
Lewis and Clark
|
|
|
They traveled 3,000 miles between 1804 and 1806, collecting scientific data and specimens and charting the territory to the west of the Mississippi.
|
Lewis and Clark
|
|
|
Their journey spurred national interest in exploration and settlement of the West.
|
Lewis and Clark
|
|
|
Formed as a party in 1872, THEY split from the Republican Party in opposition to President Ulysses S. Grant.
|
Liberal Republicans
|
|
|
Many of them argued that the task for Reconstruction was complete and should be put aside.
|
Liberal Republicans
|
|
|
Their defection served a major blow to the Republican Party and shattered what congressional enthusiasm remained for Reconstruction.
|
Liberal Republicans
|
|
|
Radical abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison published THIS NEWSPAPER, from 1831 to 1865.
|
The Liberator
|
|
|
An influential newspaper within the growing abolition movement. IT expressed new and controversial opinions such as the belief that blacks deserved legal rights equal to those of whites.
|
The Liberator
|
|
|
In July1963, JFK and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to this treaty, which prohibited undersea and atmospheric testing of nuclear weaponry.
|
Limited Test-Ban Treaty
|
|
|
This agreement in July 1963, was characteristic of a period of lessening tensions between the world's superpowers known as détente.
|
Limited Test-Ban Treaty
|
|
|
Emerged during the late 1850s as the nation's top Republican.
|
Abraham Lincoln
|
|
|
His victory in the Presidential election of 1860 precipitated the secession of the first southern states, paving the way for the Civil War.
|
Abraham Lincoln
|
|
|
HIS primary goal during and after the Civil War was to restore the Union.
|
Abraham Lincoln
|
|
|
He was assassinated in 1863 before he could realize his goal.
|
Abraham Lincoln
|
|
|
Held between August 21 and October 1858, between senatorial candidates, these debates pitted a free-soil Republican, against a Democrat in favor of popular sovereignty.
|
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
|
|
|
These debates were hard-fought, highly attended, and in the end, inconclusive. They crystallized the two dominant positions in the North in regard to slavery.
|
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
|
|
|
These debates propelled Lincoln onto the national scene.
|
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
|
|
|
He completed the world's first nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean.
|
Charles Lindbergh
|
|
|
His plane called the Spirit of St. Louis, went from New York to Paris in 1927, and the trip took a little more than 33 hours.
|
Charles Lindbergh
|
|
|
This 1905 decision declared certain professions exempt from the regulation of work hours. The Supreme Court ruled that limiting work hours was unconstitutional, because it interfered with the employer/employee contract.
|
Lochner v. New York
|
|
|
This 1908 case, upheld a limited work-day for women because the Court deemed them physically inferior.
|
Muller v. Oregon
|
|
|
He led the group of senators known as "reservationists" during the 1919 debate over the League of Nations.
|
Henry Cabot Lodge
|
|
|
He and his followers would support U.S. membership in the League of Nations only if major revisions were made to the covenant (part of the Treaty of Versailles).
|
Henry Cabot Lodge
|
|
|
He refused to compromise with the "reservationists," and the treaty was rejected. The U.S. never joined the League of Nations.
|
Woodrow Wilson
|
|
|
A Senator from Louisiana, HE was one of the most vocal critics of the New Deal.
|
Huey Long
|
|
|
HIS liberal "Share Our Wealth" program proposed a 100 percent tax on all income over $1 million, and large redistribution measures.
|
Huey Long
|
|
|
His passionate orations won him many devoted followers and many bitter enemies. He was assassinated in September of 1935 at the capitol building in Baton Rouge.
|
Huey Long
|
|
|
THEY favored a loose reading of the Constitution, especially of the elastic clause, in order to expand the powers of the central government to include implied constitutional powers not just enumerated ones.
|
Loose Constructionists
|
|
|
Led by Alexander Hamilton, THEY formed the core of the Federalist Party.
|
Loose Constructionists
|
|
|
This term, describes a small but prominent circle of writers, poets, and intellectuals during the 1920s.
|
Lost generation
|
|
|
These artists--including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Ezra Pound--grew disillusioned with America's postwar culture, finding it overly materialistic and spiritually void.
|
Lost generation
|
|
|
Many of these artists moved to Europe to write, and their writings often expressed their disgust with America's materialism and superficiality.
|
Lost generation
|
|
|
Negotiated in April 1803, during Thomas Jefferson's presidency, IT nearly doubled the size of the nation and opened the West to exploration and settlement.
|
Louisiana Purchase
|
|
|
With IT came not only expansion but also strife: border disputes with foreign powers as well as congressional debates over the admission of new states from the region (whether the states would be slave-holding or free).
|
Louisiana Purchase
|
|
|
He led the Haitian Revolution, which resulted in a successful overthrow of French colonial rule in Haiti.
|
Toussaint l'Ouverture
|
|
|
The revolution led by Toussaint l'Overture in Haiti led to the first ONE in the Western Hemisphere.
|
black government
|
|
|
This 1967 case declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional.
|
Loving v. Virginia
|
|
|
It was a British vessel sunk by a German U-boat in May 1915, killing more than 120 American citizens.
|
Lusitania
|
|
|
The sinking of this ship prompted Woodrow Wilson to plan for a military buildup and encouraged American alliance with Britain and France in opposition to Germany.
|
Lusitania
|
|
|
HE commanded the U.S. army in the Pacific during World War II.
|
Douglas MacArthur
|
|
|
HE oversaw the American occupation of Japan and later led U.S. troops in the Korean War.
|
Douglas MacArthur
|
|
|
HE pushed for total victory in the Korean War, seeking to conquer all of Korea and perhaps move into China, but Truman held him back from HIS goal.
|
Douglas MacArthur
|
|
|
After a month of publicly denouncing the Truman administration's policy in the Korean War, HE was relieved from duty in April 1951.
|
Douglas MacArthur
|
|
|
IT refers to the means by which political parties during the Industrial Revolution controlled candidates and voters through networks of loyalty and corruption.
|
Machine politics
|
|
|
In THIS SYSTEM, party bosses exploited their ability to give away jobs and benefits (patronage) in exchange for votes.
|
Machine politics
|
|
|
IT was James Madison's 1810 ploy to induce either Britain or France to lift trade restrictions.
|
Macon's Bill No. 2
|
|
|
Under this bill U.S. trade sanctions were lifted with the promise that if either Britain or France agreed to free trade with the U.S., sanctions would be reimposed against the other nation.
|
Macon's Bill No. 2
|
|
|
He began his political career as a Federalist, joining forces with Alexander Hamilton during the debate over the Constitution. He was one of the authors of The Federalist Papers and an advocate of a strong central government. (Not John Jay)
|
James Madison
|
|
|
After first advocating a strong central government, he later became critical of excessive power in government and left the Federalist Party to join Thomas Jefferson in the Republican Party.
|
James Madison
|
|
|
As a Republican he served as the nation's fourth president, from 1809 to 1817.
|
James Madison
|
|
|
He was a Portuguese explorer who wanted to find a sea route to the Spice Islands by sailing west around the American continent.
|
Ferdinand Magellan
|
|
|
In 1520, HE led five ships across the Atlantic Ocean and south around South America through a narrow passage.
|
Ferdinand Magellan
|
|
|
He died during the trip, but his crew was the first to circumnavigate the world, proving that Earth was round.
|
Ferdinand Magellan
|
|
|
Narrow passage at the bottom of South America which links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
|
Strait of Magellan
|
|
|
It was a U.S. battleship sunk by an explosion in Havana harbor in February 1898.
|
Maine
|
|
|
Though later investigations suggested that an onboard fire had caused the blast, at the time the American people believed a Spanish mine was responsible for THE SHIP'S explosion.
|
Maine
|
|
|
The sinking of THIS SHIP combined with the effect of yellow journalism led the American public to push strongly for war against Spain.
|
Maine
|
|
|
A major advocate of Black Power, HE helped lead the Nation of Islam to national prominence.
|
Malcolm X
|
|
|
In 1965, he was assassinated after a well publicized break with the Nation of Islam over his newfound dedication to cross-cultural unity.
|
Malcolm X
|
|
|
IT was a secret American scientific initiative to develop an atomic bomb.
|
Manhattan Project
|
|
|
Working for almost three years at Los Alamos, New Mexico, the project succeeded in detonating the first atomic blast over the desert on July 16, 1945.
|
Manhattan Project
|
|
|
The bombs produced by this project were subsequently dropped on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
|
Manhattan Project
|
|
|
Refers to the belief of many Americans in the mid-nineteenth century that it was the nation's destiny and duty to expand and conquer the West in the name of God, nature, civilization, and progress.
|
Manifest destiny
|
|
|
Journalist John L. O'Sullivan first coined THIS PHRASE in 1845.
|
Manifest destiny
|
|
|
John L. O'Sullivan wrote of "our ____________ to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."
|
Manifest destiny
|
|
|
Was the most prominent proponent of public school reform. Appointed secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education in 1837.
|
Horace Mann
|
|
|
He reformed the school system by increasing state spending on schools, lengthening the school year, dividing students into grades, and introducing standardized textbooks, among other changes.
|
Horace Mann
|
|
|
He set the standard for school reform throughout the nation.
|
Horace Mann
|
|
|
IT helped to regulate employment and commerce practices. IT gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to regulate telephone and telegraph lines, and cable and wireless establishments, and to handle any disputes in court.
|
Mann-Elkins Act
|
|
|
Year of the Mann-Elkins Act
|
1910
|
|
|
He founded the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921.
|
Mao Zedong
|
|
|
In 1949, HIS communist forces defeated the Chinese nationalist forces under Chiang Kai-shek and established the People's Republic of China (PRC)
|
Mao Zedong
|
|
|
Year the Communist took over mainland China.
|
1949
|
|
|
Year Mao Zedong died.
|
1976
|
|
|
In this 1803 case, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because Congress had overstepped its bounds in granting the Supreme Court the power to issue a writ of mandamus to any officer of the United States.
|
Marbury v. Madison
|
|
|
An ultimatum from the court.
|
writ of mandamus
|
|
|
This ruling established the principle of judicial review.
|
Marbury v. Madison
|
|
|
IT was a high point for the student antiwar movement and a poignant symbol of antiwar sentiment in the U.S. In November 1969, 300,000 people marched in a long, circling path through Washington, D.C., for 40 hours straight, each holding a candle and the name of a soldier killed or a village destroyed in Vietnam.
|
March Against Death
|
|
|
He served as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835.
|
John Marshall
|
|
|
Under HIS leadership, the Supreme Court became as powerful a federal force as the executive and legislative branches.
|
John Marshall
|
|
|
HIS most notable decision came in Marbury v. Madison.
|
John Marshall
|
|
|
During James Monroe's term in office, HE delivered two rulings in 1819 that curtailed states' rights and exposed the latent conflicts of the Era of Good Feeling.
|
John Marshall
|
|
|
Begun in 1948, IT was a four-year plan of American aid for the economic reconstruction of Europe.
|
Marshall Plan
|
|
|
The U.S. government hoped to prevent further communist expansion by eliminating economic insecurity and political instability in Europe.
|
Marshall Plan
|
|
|
By 1952, Congress had appropriated some $17 billion for aid to THIS PLAN, and the Western European economy had largely recovered.
|
Marshall Plan
|
|
|
This black attorney, successfully argued the case of Brown v. Board of Education in front of the Supreme Court in 1954.
|
Thurgood Marshall
|
|
|
In 1967, HE became the first African-American appointed to the Supreme Court.
|
Thurgood Marshall
|
|
|
This was created in the 1760s to set the boundary between the colonial charters of William Penn and Lord Baltimore.
|
Mason and Dixon Line
|
|
|
It was named after Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, the line's surveyors.
|
Mason and Dixon Line
|
|
|
It is at the present-day boundary between Pennsylvania and West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware.
|
Mason and Dixon Line
|
|
|
IT was perceived as a divider between free and slave states before the Civil War.
|
Mason and Dixon Line
|
|
|
It was the ship that carried the Pilgrims across the Atlantic from the Netherlands to Plymouth Plantation.
|
Mayflower
|
|
|
Year the Mayflower sailed to Plymouth Plantation.
|
1620
|
|
|
Had fled England to the Netherlands before heading to the New World.
|
Pilgrims
|
|
|
Is often cited as the first example of self-government in the Americas.
|
Mayflower Compact
|
|
|
The Pilgrims, having arrived at a harbor far north of the land that was rightfully theirs, signed THIS AGREEMENT to establish a "civil body politic" under the sovereignty of James I.
|
Mayflower Compact
|
|
|
THIS TERM refers to the extreme anticommunism in American politics and society during the early 1950s.
|
McCarthyism (could also be Red Scare or 2nd Red Scare)
|
|
|
Led an intense campaign against alleged subversives during the early 1950s.
|
Joseph McCarthy
|
|
|
In THIS CASE, the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that states could not tax federal institutions such as the Second Bank of the United States.
|
McCulloch V. Maryland
|
|
|
Date of the McCulloch v. Maryland decision.
|
1819
|
|
|
The ruling in THIS CASE asserted that the federal government wielded supreme power in its sphere and that no states could interfere with the exercise of federal powers. A denunciation of states' rights, this ruling angered many Republicans.
|
McCulloch V. Maryland
|
|
|
The act raised protective tariffs by nearly 50 percent. These tariffs are the highest the U.S. has ever placed on imports.
|
McKinley Tariff
|
|
|
Year the McKinley Tariff was enacted.
|
1890
|
|
|
Republican who defeated Democratic and Populist candidate William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 election.
|
William McKinley
|
|
|
The nation's 25th president.
|
William McKinley
|
|
|
A supporter of big business, HE pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power.
|
William McKinley
|
|
|
He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.
|
William McKinley
|
|
|
This ACT in 1906 set federal regulations for meatpacking plants and established a system of federal inspection.
|
Meat Inspection Act
|
|
|
This act and other measures aimed at improving the quality of food products were undertaken in response to the muckrakers' exposes of the unsanitary and often hazardous conditions of food processing plants.
|
Meat Inspection Act
|
|
|
An element of President Johnson's Great Society program, in 1965, this act created Medicare to provide senior citizens with medical insurance and Medicaid to provide welfare recipients with free health care.
|
Medical Care Act
|
|
|
His magazine American Mercury served as the journalistic counterpart to the "lost generation" of writers, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, who grew disillusioned and even disgusted with American post-war life.
|
H.L. Mencken
|
|
|
He used satire to critique political leaders and American society during the 1920s. Magazine publisher.
|
H.L. Mencken
|
|
|
It was a theory of trade stressing that a nation's economic strength depended on exporting more than it imported.
|
Mercantilism
|
|
|
The British form of this economic theory manifested itself in triangular trade and in laws passed between the mid-1600s and the mid-1700s, such as the Navigation Acts (1651-1673), aimed at fostering British economic dominance.
|
Mercantilism
|
|
|
Tension mounted between the U.S. and Mexico after Texas accepted the U.S. Congress's offer of admission to the Union despite the Mexican government's ____________.
|
opposition
|
|
|
After Mexican troops crossed the Rio Grande, in 1846, the U.S., ____________.
|
declared war on Mexico
|
|
|
Year of the Mexican American War.
|
1846
|
|
|
Ended the Mexican American war and granted the U.S. possession of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million.
|
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
|
|
|
The nickname given to local militiamen who fought against the British during the Revolutionary War.
|
Minutemen
|
|
|
They were given this nickname because of their supposed ability to be ready for battle at a minute's notice.
|
Minutemen
|
|
|
A 1966 Supreme Court case that protects the rights of the accused.
|
Miranda v. Arizona
|
|
|
The arresting officer in this case did not make the defendant aware of his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination.
|
Miranda v. Arizona
|
|
|
Police are required to make suspects aware of these rights, as they are now known, which includes the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present during questioning.
|
"Miranda rights"
|
|
|
This agreement resolved one of the United States' earliest sectional conflicts, involving the status of Missouri as a slave or free state once admitted to the Union.
|
Missouri Compromise
|
|
|
This agreement admitted Missouri as a slave state, admitted Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in all land north of 36" 30' in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory.
|
Missouri Compromise
|
|
|
Year of the Missouri Compromise.
|
1820
|
|
|
Policy established by President Monroe in December 1823.
|
Monroe Doctrine
|
|
|
This policy asserted U.S. ascendancy in the Western Hemisphere.
|
Monroe Doctrine
|
|
|
Served as President from 1817 until 1825.
|
James Monroe
|
|
|
His presidency formed the core of the Era of Good Feelings.
|
James Monroe
|
|
|
A time characterized by the consolidation of the one-party system, an upsurge of American nationalism encouraging political harmony, and Monroe's efforts to avoid political controversy and conflict.
|
Era of Good Feelings
|
|
|
On July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong and Colonel Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., became the first people to ________.
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walk on the moon
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Space mission that resulted in the first moon walk.
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Apollo 11
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Module used in the moon landing.
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Eagle
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Was televised in 1969 and symbolized the scientific and political power of the U.S.
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Moon Landing
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Joseph Smith founded the Church of Latter-Day Saints, also known as ______________.
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Mormonism
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Year the Mormon Church was founded.
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1830
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The core of the church's tenets are derived from the Book of Mormon, a book of revelation similar in style to the Bible.
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Church of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons)
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They moved steadily westward during the 1830s, seeking to escape persecution. During the 1840s, a new leader, Brigham Young, led THEM to present-day Utah, where they settled.
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Mormons
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He was a Wall Street financier and business leader involved in many of the most profitable business ventures during the era of industrialization.
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J.P. Morgan
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In 1901, he bought Carnegie Steel and established the world's first billion-dollar corporation, U.S. Steel Corporation.
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J.P. Morgan
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She was an outspoken proponent of women's rights, and with Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.
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Lucretia Mott
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Investigating journalists who worked during the early 1900s to uncover the corruption and misdeeds in American industry and politics.
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Muckrakers
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Their writings and publications encouraged widespread political and social reform. Important examples include Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, and Lincoln Steffens.
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Muckrakers
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In 1884, Grover Cleveland was elected president in part because of support from this group.
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Mugwumps
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This was a derogatory term for the more liberal members of the Republican party in the mid-1880s.
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Mugwumps
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James G. Blaine, the presidential candidate opposing Cleveland, and other conservative Republicans used this name during the 1884 election to describe their opposition in the Republican party.
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Mugwumps
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When Hitler declared his intention to take the Czech Sudetenland by force, British and French leaders acceded to his demands by signing THIS AGREEMENT on September 30, 1938.
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Munich Pact
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Intended to appease Hitler and avoid war, THIS AGREEMENT only emboldened Hitler further. Bent on conquest Hitler soon sent troops into many European nations.
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Munich Pact
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This 1876 case stated that Congress could not regulate commerce within a state and that the federal government did not have the right regulate private businesses even when "public interests" are involved. This ruling has since been modified.
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Munn v. Illinois
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He rose to power as a Fascist Italian dictator in 1922.
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Benito Mussolini
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He allied with Hitler in the Rome-Berlin Axis in 1936, uniting the two fascist forces and paving the way for World War II.
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Benito Mussolini
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This U.S. policy acknowledged that both the U.S. and the Soviet Union had large enough nuclear arsenals to destroy each other many times over.
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Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
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Developed in the early 1960s, IT was America's form of defense against Soviet attack: IT promised that whoever launched an attack would, in turn, be attacked, resulting in absolute nuclear devastation on both sides.
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Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD)
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The site of the second U.S. atomic bomb attack on Japan, IT was devastated by a nuclear blast on August 9, 1945. The explosion led to 40,000 immediate deaths and 60,000 injuries.
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Nagasaki
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IT was founded in 1958 to compete with Russia's space program.
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NASA
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NASA
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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During the late 1960s to early 1980s, IT sent expeditions to the moon, and developed and managed the space station and space shuttle programs.
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NASA
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In 1909, a group of blacks led by W.E.B. Du Bois formed this organization.
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NAACP
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NAACP
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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IT called for an end to racial discrimination, attacked Jim Crow laws, and fought to overturn the 1896 Supreme Court decision Plessy v. Ferguson.
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NAACP
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Led by Middle-class blacks, IT continues to advocate integration and equal treatment for American blacks.
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NAACP
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Created in 1909 by Theodore Roosevelt, IT aimed to achieve more efficient and responsible management of the Nation's resources.
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National Conservation Commission
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Passed in June 1916, IT called for the buildup of military forces in anticipation of war.
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National Defense Act
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This ACT was largely a response to German threats to American neutrality prior to U.S. entrance in WWI.
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National Defense Act
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Popularly known as the Wagner Act.
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National Labor Relations Act
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This ACT of 1935, provided a framework for collective bargaining.
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National Labor Relations Act
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This ACT granted workers the right to join unions and engage in bargaining, and forbade employers from discriminating against union rights.
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National Labor Relations Act
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This act demonstrated the support of FDR's administration for labor needs and unionization.
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National Labor Relations Act
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This organization, formed in 1966, functions to advocate for, and raise public awareness of, women's issues.
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National Organization of Women
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This organization was a central part of the 1960s' women's liberation movement.
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National Organization of Women
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The epitome of anti-immigrant sentiments in the 1920s, THIS ACT restricted immigration from any nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890.
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National Origins Act
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This law severely restricted immigration from southern and eastern Europe and excluded Asians entirely.
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National Origins Act
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NRA
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National Recovery Administration
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Perhaps the most important element of the first New Deal, IT established a forum in which business and government officials met to set regulations for fair competition.
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NRA
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Regulations from this organization bound industry from 1933 until 1935, when the Supreme Court declared IT unconstitutional.
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NRA
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Led by Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams, THEY were one of two new political parties that emerged in the late 1820s to challenge the dominant Republican party (the other being the Democrats).
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National Republican Party
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The party found its core support in the industrializing Northeast. During Jackson's second term in office, THIS PARTY reconfigured itself as the Whig Party.
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National Republican Party
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THIS GROUP monitored and regulated efforts of organized labor during World War II.
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National War Labor Board
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Although THE BOARD restricted wage increases, it also encouraged the extension of many fringe benefits to American workers during WWII.
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National War Labor Board
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Passed under the mercantilist system, THESE ACTS (1651-1673) regulated trade in order to benefit the British economy.
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Navigation Acts
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These ACTS restricted trade between England and its colonies to English or colonial ships, required certain colonial goods to pass through England before export, provided subsidies for the production of certain raw goods in the colonies, and banned colonial competition in large-scale manufacturing.
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Navigation Acts
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To keep the U.S. out of another world war, Congress passed a series of THESE ACTS between 1935 and 1937.
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Neutrality Acts
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THESE ACTS made arms sales to warring countries illegal and forbade American citizens to travel aboard the ships of belligerent nations.
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Neutrality Acts
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Coined by FDR in 1932, THIS PHRASE came to stand for FDR's strategy for relief and recovery in the United States during the Great Depression.
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New Deal
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Most of the measures for THIS PROGRAM emerged during the first hundred days of FDR's presidency.
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New Deal
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New England colonists formed THIS ORGANIZATION in 1643 as a defense against local Native American tribes and the encroaching Dutch.
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New England Confederation
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Colonists formed THIS ALLIANCE, in New England, without the English crown's authorization.
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New England Confederation
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Term used to characterize Woodrow Wilson's approach to foreign relations.
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New Freedom
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Unlike Roosevelt's big stick policies and Taft's dollar diplomacy, Wilson's foreign policy sought to bring morality to foreign relations. WILSON'S COUNTER POLICY
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New Freedom
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Wilson denounced imperialism and economic meddling, and focused instead on spreading democracy throughout the world. TERM
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New Freedom
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John F. Kennedy's domestic policy. (Name)
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New Frontier
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This Kennedy policy focused on reform at home and victory in the Cold War abroad.
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New Frontier
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This proposal was presented to the Constitutional Convention as an alternative to the Virginia Plan.
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New Jersey Plan
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This proposal favored small states in that it proposed a unicameral Congress with equal representation for each state.
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New Jersey Plan
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Reflecting Eisenhower's preference for nuclear deterrence rather than ground force involvement against the Soviet Union, THIS PLAN emphasized the massive retaliatory potential of a large nuclear stockpile.
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New Look
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According to THIS PLAN Eisenhower worked to increase nuclear spending and decrease spending on ground troops.
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New Look
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In 1971, this case firmly protected freedom of the press.
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New York Times Co. v. U.S.
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The Justice Department tried to block The New York Times from publishing the Pentagon Papers. The Supreme Court, however, overturned the Justice Department's order to restrict free press in the interests of national security.
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New York Times Co. v. U.S.
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Ratified in August 1920, granted women the right to vote.
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Nineteenth Amendment
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This policy was announced in July 1969 as a corollary to Nixon's efforts to pull American troops out of Vietnam.
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Nixon Doctrine
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IT pledged a change in the U.S. role in the Third World from military protector to helpful partner.
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Nixon Doctrine
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A Republican, served as president from 1969 until his resignation on August 9, 1974.
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Richard Nixon
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He oversaw a moderately conservative domestic program, gradually pulled troops out of Vietnam, and improved relations with the nation's communist enemies.
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Richard Nixon
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He was forced to resign, as president, after being implicated in the Watergate scandal.
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Richard Nixon
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After the repeal of the Embargo Act, this 1809 law restricted trade with Britain and France only, opening up trade with all other foreign ports.
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Non-Intercourse Act
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Passed narrowly by Congress in November 1993, THIS TREATY removed trade barriers between Canada, the U.S., and Mexico.
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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Bill Clinton championed this agreement and other efforts to integrate the U.S. more fully into the international economy.
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
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Formed in 1949 to counter the Soviet threat in Eastern Europe, IT prepared Western European powers and the U.S. to fight as a unified coalition.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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Throughout the Cold War, IT was the primary Western alliance in opposition to communist forces.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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This 1787 law defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory.
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Northwest Ordinance
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This law forbade slavery in the Northwest Territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established.
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Northwest Ordinance
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IT was the most lasting measure of the national government under the Articles of Confederation.
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Northwest Ordinance
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In 1961, Khrushchev threatened that the Soviet Union would begin nuclear testing, despite 1958 nuclear testing bans. Eventually, in 1963, the U.S., Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and more than 100 other nations, agreed to ban aboveground nuclear tests.
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Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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In 1882, this Railroad, which joined Chicago and Seattle, was completed.
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Northern Pacific Railroad
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As a member of the National Security Council, HE was involved in the Iran-Contra scandal. In 1987, investigations revealed that HE had headed the initiative to funnel funding from arms sales to Iran secretly and illegally to the Contras in Nicaragua, who fought against the anti-U.S.. regime.
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Oliver North
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Oliver North was convicted of obstructing justice and lying to _____.
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Congress
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These Trials of Nazi war criminals began in November 1945.
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Nuremberg Trials
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More than 200 defendants were indicted in 13 trials. All but 38 of the defendants were convicted of conspiring to wage aggressive war and of mistreating prisoners of war and inhabitants of occupied territories.
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Nuremberg Trials
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In this act OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) nations refused to export oil to Western nations.
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Oil embargo
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Year of the OPEC Oil embargo.
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1973
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This embargo, in effect from October 1973 to March 1974, sparked rapid inflation in the West and had a crippling effect on the U.S. economy.
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Oil embargo
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The ensuing economic crisis from THIS ACTION, plagued Gerald Ford's time in office.
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Oil embargo
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The Tariff of 1828 hurt the Southern economy while benefiting Northern and Western industries. For this reason, Southerners called it the __________.
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"Tariff of Abominations"
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Vice President John C. Calhoun denounced the Tariff of 1828 as unconstitutional and urged the states to nullify the tariff within their own borders. South Carolina did so in November of 1832, punctuating a debate over tariffs and states' rights that raged between 1828 and 1833.
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Nullification Crisis
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This agency, created in December 1941, reflected U.S. government worries about information leaks to the enemy during World War II.
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Office of Censorship
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This office examined all letters sent overseas and worked with media firms to control information broadcast to the people.
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Office of Censorship
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This agency, was established by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 1942 to conduct espionage, collect information crucial to strategic planning, and assess the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy.
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Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
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This agency employed artists, writers, and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II.
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Office of War Information
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This office publicized reasons for U.S. entry into WWII, often portraying the enemy Axis powers as barbaric and cruel.
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Office of War Information
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Following increases in oil prices during the 1970s due to increased demand, the world's major oil producers formed a monopoly (cartel) called the ____________.
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
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It included leader Venezuela, and a host of other countries from the Middle East, South America, Asia, and Africa. In 1973, IT raised the price of oil even further, leading to an energy crisis, and giving oil producers huge profits.
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OPEC
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OPEC
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
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Developed by Secretary of state John Hay, this policy aimed to combat the European spheres of influence that threatened to squeeze American business interests out of Chinese markets.
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Open Door policy
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This policy consisted of pressuring European powers to open key ports within their spheres of influence to U.S. businessmen.
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Open Door policy
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In 1991, President George Bush launched THIS MILITARY ACTION to defend Saudi Arabia. After Iraq's Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, Bush was afraid that Iraq would invade Saudi Arabia and take over their oil supply.
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Operation Desert Shield
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THIS MILITARY ACTION, a series of air attacks on Iraq, was initiated after Iraq did not retreat. Iraq retaliated with little damage. On April 6, 1991, Iraq and the U.S. signed a cease-fire agreement.
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Operation Desert Storm
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Year of Operation Desert Storm.
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1991
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This term refers to the Allied air, land, and sea assault on France.
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Operation Overlord
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The operation centered on the D-Day invasion (June 6, 1944), in which American, British, an Canadian troops stormed the beaches of Normandy. These Allied forces sustained heavy casualties but eventually took the beach and moved gradually inland.
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Operation Overlord
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He headed the Manhattan Project, the secret American operation to develop the atomic bomb.
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J. Robert Oppenheimer
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He published his pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776, exhorting Americans to rise in opposition to the British government and establish a new government based on Enlightenment ideals.
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Thomas Paine
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Historians have cited the publication of his pamphlet as the event that finally sparked to Revolutionary War.
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Thomas Paine
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He published rational criticisms of religion, most famously in "The Age of Reason" (1794-1807)
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Thomas Paine
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In 1920, in an operation coordinated by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer, police and federal marshals raided the homes of suspected raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organizations in 32 cities.
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Palmer Raids
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They resulted in more than 4,000 arrests, 550 deportations, and countless civil-rights violations.
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Palmer Raids
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Built by the U.S. between 1904 and 1914, IT is an artificial waterway stretching across the isthmus of Panama that connects to Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.
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Panama Canal
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By a treaty signed in 1977, Panama gained full control of IT in 1999.
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Panama Canal
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IT was the start of a two-year depression caused by extensive speculation, the loose lending practice of state banks, a decline in European demand for American goods, and mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States.
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Panic of 1819
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It exacerbated social divisions within the United States and is often called the beginning of the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
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Panic of 1819
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IT punctured the economic boom sparked by state banks' loose lending practices and over speculation.
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Panic of 1837
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Contraction of the nation's credit in 1836 led to widespread debt and unemployment. Martin Van Buren spent most of his time in office attempting to stabilize the economy and ameliorate the depression.
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Panic of 1837
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In 1873, because of overexpansion and over speculation, the largest bank in the nation collapsed, followed by the collapse of many smaller banks, business firms, and even the stock market.
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Panic of 1873
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In 1873, IT precipitated a five-year national depression.
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Panic of 1873
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IT began when the railroad industry faltered during the early 1890s, followed by the collapse of many related industries.
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Panic of 1893
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As a result of THIS, confidence in the U.S. dollar plunged during the 1890s and the depression lasted roughly four years.
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Panic of 1893
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Signed January 27, 1973, IT settled the terms of U.S. withdrawal from Indochina, ending the war between the U.S. and North Vietnam.
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Paris Accords
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This treaty left the conflict between North and South Vietnam unresolved.
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Paris Accords
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A quiet black seamstress who sparked the Montgomery bus boycott by refusing to give up her bus seat for a white man in December 1955.
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Rosa Parks
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On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed HERE, the site of an American naval base in Hawaii.
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Pearl Harbor
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The surprise attack HERE, resulted in the loss of more than 2,400 American lives, as well as many aircraft and sea vessels.
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Pearl Harbor
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The day after IT was attacked the U.S. declared war against Japan, officially entering World War II.
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Pearl Harbor
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Created by JFK in 1961, IT sends volunteer teachers, health workers, and engineers on two-year aid programs in Third World countries.
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Peace Corps
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Passed in 1883, IT established a civil service exam for many public posts and created hiring systems based on merit rather than on political favors, or patronage.
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Pendleton Act
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THIS ACT aimed to eliminate the corrupt hiring practices that had so long plagued the U.S. government.
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Pendleton Act
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An English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before.
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William Penn
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He launched his colony his colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.
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William Penn
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A third-party candidate in the presidential election of 1992, won nineteen percent of the public vote. His strong showing demonstrated voter dissatisfaction with the two major parties.
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Ross Perot
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During the 1850s, nine northern states passed THESE LAWS to counteract the Fugitive Slave Act.
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Personal liberty laws
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These state laws guaranteed all alleged fugitives the right to trial by jury and to a lawyer and prohibited state jails from holding alleged fugitives.
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Personal liberty laws
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A Democrat, served as president from 1853 to 1857.
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Franklin Pierce
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He was the last president until 1932 to win the popular and electoral vote in both the North and South.
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Franklin Pierce
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His performance in office can best be described as perfunctory. He was little more than a caretaker in the years leading up to the Civil War.
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Franklin Pierce
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They were a group of English Separatists who had originally sought refuge in the Netherlands.
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Pilgrims
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In 1620, they sailed to Plymouth on the Mayflower and established the colony of Plymouth Plantation.
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Pilgrims
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IT authorized American withdrawal from Cuba only on the following conditions: Cuba must vow to make no treaty with a foreign power limiting its independence; the U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba when it saw fit; and the U.S. could maintain a naval base at Guantanamo Bay.
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Platt Amendment
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This 1896 Supreme Court Decision ruled that segregation was not illegal as long as facilities for each race were equal.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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This doctrine served to justify Southern laws separating blacks and whites on trains and in restaurants, schools, and other public facilities.
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"separate but equal" doctrine
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In 1954, the Supreme Court overturned the "separate but equal" doctrine in the landmark cased ______________.
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Brown v. Board of Education
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HE was a fiction writer who gained popularity in the 1840s as a writer of horrific tales. He published many famous stories, including "The Raven" (1844) and "The Cask of Amontillado" (1846)
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Edgar Allen Poe
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Was created by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1955. The U.S. distributed the vaccine throughout the nation, rapidly diminishing the number of cases of the disease.
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Polio vaccine
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Served as U.S. President from 1845 to 1849.
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James K. Polk
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A firm believer in expansion, HE led the U.S. into the Mexican War in 1846, in which the U.S. acquired Texas, New Mexico, and California.
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James K. Polk
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Many Northerners saw HIM as an agent of Southern will aiming to expand the nation in order to extend slavery into the West.
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James K. Polk
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HE was a Spanish explorer who was trying to find the Fountain of Youth. Instead, landed in Florida.
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Juan Ponce de Leon
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After the French and Indian War, colonists began moving westward and settling on Indian land. This led to __________ in 1763, when a large number of Indian tribes banded together under the Ottawa chief to keep the colonists from taking over the land.
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Pontiac's Rebellion
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This event led to Britain's Proclamation of 1763, which stated that colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains.
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Pontiac's Rebellion
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A political group active in aiding leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. Prominent American intellectuals and writers, including Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos, joined the group.
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Popular Front
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First espoused by Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass in 1848 and eventually championed by Stephen Douglas, IT was the principle stating that Congress should not interfere with the issue of slavery's expansion, but rather leave the question up to each territory.
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Popular sovereignty
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IT became the core of the Democratic position on slavery's expansion during the 1850s.
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Popular sovereignty
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The farmers' Alliances in the Midwest and South joined with poor laborers to form the core of this political party in 1892.
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Populist Party
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This Party advocated various reforms that supported farmers and the poor, including "free silver."
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Populist Party
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Unlimited coinage of silver
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"free silver"
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In 1896, the Democrats appropriated parts of THIS PARTY'S platform and nominated William Jennings Bryan for president. Bryan lost the election despite the joint backing of the Democrats and this party.
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Populist Party
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Although relations between Truman, Churchill, and Stalin grew increasingly strained as World War II wound to its close, during THIS CONFERENCE (July 17-August 2, 1945) they coordinated the division of Germany into occupation zones and planned the Nuremberg Trials.
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Potsdam Conference
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This was the final meeting between the Big Three powers under the pretense of a wartime alliance (WWII)
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Potsdam Conference
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The most famous rock star of the 1950s.
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Elvis Presley
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His sexually charged dance moves and unique musical sound played a major role in defining the growing genre of rock and roll, which became prominent during the 1950s.
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Elvis Presley
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In the early 1790s, Britain and France went to war. The American public was torn over which nation to support. The South pulled for a pro-French foreign policy while the North advocated a pro-British policy. Issued in April 1793, IT was George Washington's response to the division of the nation, stating that the U.S. would stay out of war.
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Proclamation of American Neutrality
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IT was a time of political, economic, and social growth and change in the U.S. It started in the end of the 19th century and lasted until 1917.
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Progressive Movement (era)
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The movement was inspired by the political theories of the Enlightenment. National organizations like the NAACP, muckrakers like Upton Sinclair, and reformers like Dorthea Dix worked to expose and solve societal problems.
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Progressive Movement (era)
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Created by the National Industrial Recovery Act as part of the New Deal, IT spent over $$ million on projects designed to employ the jobless and reinvigorate the economy.
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Public Works Administration (PWA)
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The Treaty of Paris gave IT to the U.S. in 1917, IT's people were made U.S. citizens .
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Puerto Rico
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In 1952, Its people acquired commonwealth status. it’s people, however cannot vote in presidential elections, do not pay federal taxes, and do not have representation in Congress.
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Puerto Rico
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IT's people are still undecided about whether to remain a Commonwealth, become a state, or become an independent country.
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Puerto Rico
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HE owned the New York World, the main competitor of William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal at the time of the Spanish-American War.
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Joseph Pulitzer
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Though the New York World was slightly more reputable than the New York Journal, both papers engaged in ______________, exaggerating facts and sensationalizing stories about Spanish atrocities in Cuba.
|
yellow journalism
|
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|
In 1894 in Chicago, Eugene Debs led a strike against the ____________.
|
Pullman Palace Car Company
|
|
|
This boycott crippled railroad traffic in Chicago. The courts ruled that the strikers had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act and issued an injunction against them. When the strikers refused to obey the injunction, Eugene Debs was arrested and federal troops marched in to crush the strike. In the ensuing frenzy, thirteen died and fifty-three were injured.
|
Pullman strike
|
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|
During the Cold War, both the U.S. and the Soviet Union set up THESE GOVERNMENTS in developing countries in order to maintain influence over the nation in question. The superpowers each supported and funded leaders of their choice.
|
Puppet governments
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After muckrakers exposed the questionable packaging and labeling practices of food and drug industries, Congress passed THIS ACT of 1906, which prohibited the sale of adulterated or in accurately labeled foods and medicines.
|
Pure Food and Drug Act
|
|
|
A Protestant group aiming to purify the Anglican Church.
|
Puritans
|
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|
In the early 1600s, THEY suffered religious persecution in England and emigrated to the Americas. The first group of THEM established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in Boston.
|
Puritans
|
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|
From Boston, THEIR influence in North America spread throughout the region of New England and with it came a focus on family life and a pious restraint of passion.
|
Puritans
|
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THIS ACT required colonists to provide room and board to British troops. British troops could be quartered anywhere, even homes.
|
Quartering Act
|
|
|
IT was the term widely used to describe French and American naval conflicts occurring between 1798 and 1800. Although neither nation declared war on the other, they carried out hostile naval operations against each other.
|
Quasi-war
|
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|
THIS GROUP emerged in Congress in the years leading up to the Civil War. Led by Congressman Thaddeus Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner, THEY demanded a strict Reconstruction policy in order to punish the Southern states.
|
Radical Republicans
|
|
|
THIS GROUP called for extended civil rights in the South. THEY, often aligned with moderate Republicans, were a dedicated and powerful force in Congress until the mid-1870s.
|
Radical Republicans
|
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|
THIS STRIKE of 1877 was the first major nationwide strike in the U.S., spreading from New York to Pittsburg to St. Louis, Chicago, and San Francisco.
|
Railroad strike
|
|
|
Railroad workers for nearly every rail line struck to protest wage cuts and firings. The riots provoked widespread violence and resulted in more than 100 deaths. President Hays sent in federal troops to subdue the angry mobs and restore order.
|
Railroad strike
|
|
|
HE was an English explorer who established England's first American colony in 1585. This settlement was off the coast of North Carolina, on Roanoke Island.
|
Sir Walter Raleigh
|
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Heavily influenced by the Enlightenment, THIS THOUGHT SYSTEM criticized most traditional religion as irrational and thus unfounded.
|
Rationalism
|
|
|
Proponents of this thought system held that religious beliefs should not simply be accepted but should instead be acquired through investigation and reflection.
|
Rationalism
|
|
|
A Republican, occupied the White House from 1981 to 1989.
|
Ronald Reagan
|
|
|
His presidency revolved around two goals: economic prosperity and victory in the Cold War. In pursuit of these goals, he initiated major tax cuts and a massive military buildup.
|
Ronald Reagan
|
|
|
Refers to Ronald Reagan's economic philosophy that a capitalist system free from taxation and government involvement would be most productive.
|
Reagonomics
|
|
|
Reagan's view that postulated that the prosperity of a rich upper class would "trickle down" to the poor.
|
supply-side economics
|
|
|
After the Union's victory in the Civil War, the nation needed to reintegrate the South into the Union, this was called __________.
|
Reconstruction
|
|
|
President Lincoln created a more forgiving and flexible plan known as the "the percent plan," while the Radical Republicans in Congress wanted to pass a more punitive Wade-Davis Bill.
|
Reconstruction
|
|
|
It lasted from 1865 to 1877.
|
Reconstruction
|
|
|
The central law passed during congressional Reconstruction, THESE ACTS invalidated state governments established under Lincoln and Johnson's plans, provided for military occupation of the former Confederacy, and bound state governments to vote for black suffrage.
|
Reconstruction Acts of 1867
|
|
|
Hoover created this agency in 1932 to make loans to large economic institutions such as railroads and banks.
|
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
|
|
|
THIS AGENCY loaned more than $2 billion in 1932, but the amount is generally considered to have been too little and too late in Hoover's fight against the Great Depression. THIS AGENCY continued under FDR.
|
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
|
|
|
Was the term used to describe the return of Democratic rule in the South.
|
Redemption
|
|
|
It meant not only the transition of power in state governments from Republican to Democratic hands, but also the undoing of Republican legislation and the oppression of freedmen.
|
Redemption
|
|
|
This party was formed in the mid-1850s after the collapse of the Whig Party.
|
Republican Party
|
|
|
A sectional party concentrated in the North, THIS PARTY focused primarily on promoting the issue of free-soil. In 1860, the party successfully elected Abraham Lincoln president, and dominated politics during the Civil War.
|
Republican Party
|
|
|
THIS LAW raised taxes to help finance the war effort. (WWII)
|
Revenue Act of 1942
|
|
|
THIS LAW hiked tax rates for the wealthiest Americans and included new middle and lower-income tax brackets, vastly increasing the number of Americans responsible for paying taxes.
|
Revenue Act of 1942
|
|
|
It lasted from the Declaration of Independence in 1776 until the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
|
Revolutionary War
|
|
|
The American colonists defeated the British and won independence.
|
Revolutionary War
|
|
|
The first English settlement in the New World was on THIS ISLAND, of the coast of North Carolina, established in 1587.
|
Roanoke
|
|
|
Virginia Dare, the first English Child born in America, was born on THIS ISLAND.
|
Roanoke
|
|
|
The settlement failed, and no one knows what became of the people who first settled there.
|
Roanoke
|
|
|
IT was the name given to wealthy entrepreneurs and businessmen during the Industrial Age. (negative term)
|
Robber barons
|
|
|
Among the more famous OF THESE were Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. (negative term)
|
Robber barons
|
|
|
In 1947, HE was the first African-American baseball player to play for the major league.
|
Jackie Robinson
|
|
|
From 1884 to 1947 ______________ were completely segregated in baseball.
|
blacks and whites
|
|
|
After HE played for the Brooklyn Dodgers, other African Americans followed.
|
Jackie Robinson
|
|
|
HE served as chairman of Standard Oil Trust, which grew to control nearly all of the United States' oil production and distribution.
|
John D. Rockefeller
|
|
|
The 1973 Supreme Court Case that legalized most first- and second-trimester abortions in the U.S.
|
Roe v. Wade
|
|
|
This landmark decision represented a major achievement for the women's liberation movement.
|
Roe v. Wade
|
|
|
HE was an English settler in Jamestown. He married the daughter of the Native American Powhatan tribe, Pocahontas, and introduced the Jamestown colonists to West Indian Tobacco in 1616.
|
John Rolfe
|
|
|
IT soon became the lifeblood of Jamestown colony, bringing in much revenue and many immigrants eager for a share in the colony's expanding wealth.
|
Tobacco
|
|
|
Expounded in Roosevelt's' State of the Union address in 1904, IT declared that the United States, not Europe, should dominate the affairs of Latin America.
|
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
|
|
|
IT asserted, that although the U.S. had no expansionist intentions, any "brutal wrongdoing" by a Latin American nation would justify U.S. intervention as a global police power.
|
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
|
|
|
President from 1933 until his death in 1945.
|
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
|
|
|
HE was the architect of the New Deal, and the visible force behind recovery efforts from the Great Depression.
|
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
|
|
|
In forging the New Deal, HE redefined the role and responsibility of the president, as well as forming the modern Democratic Party.
|
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
|
|
|
He has been called the most popular American President.
|
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
|
|
|
He was vice president to William McKinley during McKinley's second term.
|
Theodore Roosevelt
|
|
|
After McKinley's assassination in 1901, HE assumed the presidency, and served until 1909 (HE won the 1904 election).
|
Theodore Roosevelt
|
|
|
A Progressive reformer, he worked to regulate the activities of corporations and protect consumers and workers. HE also pursued an aggressive style foreign relations known as "big stick" diplomacy.
|
Theodore Roosevelt
|
|
|
In 1950, THEY were accused of spying for the Soviets. They countered the accusation by saying they were being persecuted because of their Jewish background and leftist beliefs.
|
The Rosenbergs
|
|
|
In a trial closely followed by the American public, THEY were convicted and sentenced to death. They were executed on June 19, 1953.
|
The Rosenbergs'
|
|
|
A well-muscled woman holding a pneumatic rivet gun, SHE was a popular advertising character during World War II.
|
Rosie the Riveter
|
|
|
SHE symbolized the important role American women played in the war effort at home, during WWII, and portrayed a vastly different picture of American womanhood than had been seen before.
|
Rosie the Riveter
|
|
|
This War of 1904-1905 was a battle over Manchuria, in China.
|
Russo-Japanese War
|
|
|
Roosevelt aided in the negotiation of a peace treaty, signed in 1905, for THIS WAR, in the interest of maintaining the balance of power in the Far East, an area recently opened to American business through the Open Door policy.
|
Russo-Japanese War
|
|
|
She proved an indispensable guide to the Lewis and Clark expedition, from 1804 to 1806.
|
Sacajawea
|
|
|
She showed Lewis & Clark's men how to forage for food and helped them maintain good relations with the Native American tribes in the Northwest.
|
Sacajawea
|
|
|
Anarchists and Italian immigrants, THEY were charged with an April 1920 murder in Massachusetts and sentenced to death.
|
Sacco and Vanzetti
|
|
|
The case against THEM was circumstantial and poorly argued, although the evidence now suggests that they were in fact guilty. Their case was significant for its demonstration of nativist and conservative forces in America, as well as of the liberal forces beginning to align against them.
|
Sacco and Vanzetti
|
|
|
In 1692, several girls in Salem, Massachusetts, accused their neighbors of witchcraft. More than 100 people were tried as witches, and 19 women and one man were executed.
|
Salem Witch Trials
|
|
|
Puritan minister Cotton Mather eventually helped stop the trials and executions.
|
Salem Witch Trials
|
|
|
Throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the English government did not enforce those trade laws that most harmed the colonial economy.
|
Salutary neglect
|
|
|
The purpose of THIS POLICY was to ensure the loyalty of the colonists in the face of the French territorial and commercial threat in North America.
|
Salutary neglect
|
|
|
The English ceased practicing THIS POLICY following British victory in the French and Indian War.
|
Salutary neglect
|
|
|
Formed in England, IT was imported to the U.S. in 1880. The organization provides food, shelter, and employment to the urban poor while preaching temperance and morality.
|
Salvation Army
|
|
|
In 1914, a leader of the birth control movement, SHE was found guilty of obscenity for promoting contraception in mailings.
|
Margaret Sanger
|
|
|
SHE wanted to reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies, particularly for poor women.
|
Margaret Sanger
|
|
|
Two years after being convicted of obscenity, she organized the New York Birth Control League, and used social workers and doctors to work on changing birth control sale and information laws.
|
Margaret Sanger
|
|
|
IT is a derisive term that Democrats used to designate Southern moderates who cooperated with Republicans during Reconstruction.
|
Scalawags
|
|
|
THIS CASE (1935) invalidated the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), which established the National Recovery Administration (NRA) and created the Public Works Administration (PWA).
|
Schechter Poultry Corporation v. U.S.
|
|
|
This decision declared the NRA unconstitutional because the NIRA gave the executive branch regulatory powers that belonged to Congress.
|
Schechter Poultry Corporation v. U.S.
|
|
|
In 1919, THIS CASE declared that First Amendment rights are circumscribed in wartime. It said that if there is a "clear and present danger," rights could be restricted.
|
Schenck v. U.S.
|
|
|
Schenck, a Socialist leader, had been passing out leaflets against the wartime draft, and was convicted for violating the Espionage Act (1917).
|
Schenck v. U.S.
|
|
|
This was an important case that expressed Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes's ideas on balancing freedom with order.
|
Schenck v. U.S.
|
|
|
This trial of 1925 concerned a Tennessee statute prohibiting the teaching of evolution in public schools.
|
Scopes Monkey Trial
|
|
|
Anti-evolution forces rallied behind William Jennings Bryan, while pro-evolution forces rallied behind lawyer Clarence Darrow.
|
Scopes Monkey Trial
|
|
|
Darrow and Bryan faced off during a highly publicized trial, and although Darrow lost his case, he made a fool out of Bryan, substantially weakening the anti-evolution cause throughout the U.S.
|
Scopes Monkey Trial
|
|
|
The Bank, chartered in 1816, served as a depository for federal funds and a creditor for state banks.
|
Second Bank of the United States
|
|
|
It became unpopular after the panic of 1819, and suspicion of corruption haunted it until its charter expired in 1836.
|
Second Bank of the United States
|
|
|
Its president, Nicholas Biddle, had sought recharter early in 1832 which President Jackson vetoed.
|
Second Bank of the United States
|
|
|
Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain.
|
Second Continental Congress
|
|
|
In an effort to reach a reconciliation, THE CONGRESS offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.
|
Second Continental Congress
|
|
|
THIS MOVEMENT emerged in the early 1800s partly as a backlash against America's growing secularism and rationalism.
|
Second Great Awakening
|
|
|
A wave of religious revivals spread throughout the nation, giving rise to a number of new (largely Protestant) denominations during the second quarter of the nineteenth century.
|
Second Great Awakening
|
|
|
Revivalist ministers often stressed self-determination and individual empowerment, during this movement.
|
Second Great Awakening
|
|
|
After the first New Deal began to crumble in the face of opposition and antagonistic Supreme Court rulings, FDR laid out plans for the _______________ in 1935.
|
Second New Deal
|
|
|
IT was characterized by greater government spending and increased numbers of relief programs (as compared to its earlier counterpart)
|
Second New Deal
|
|
|
The most lasting measure of this legislative package was the creation of the Social Security system.
|
Second New Deal
|
|
|
IT was created in 1934 to regulate the stock market.
|
SEC
|
|
|
SEC
|
The Securities and Exchange Commission
|
|
|
IT enforced the Securities Act of May 1933, which required that investors know particular information about a stock.
|
SEC
|
|
|
This Commission was established to prevent a recurrence of the Stock Market crash of 1929, and to reduce abuses in the system.
|
SEC
|
|
|
Passed in 1918, this amendment to the Espionage Act provided for punishment anyone using "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" in regard to the U.S. government, flag, or military.
|
Sedition Amendment
|
|
|
THIS ACT instituted a draft to build up U.S. military forces. Passed in May 1917, the act required all men aged 21 to 30 to register for military duty.
|
Selective Service Act
|
|
|
Passed September 16, 1940, THIS ACT anticipated the war by calling the nation's first peacetime draft.
|
Selective Service and Training Act
|
|
|
Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848, THIS CONVENTION issued a Declaration of Sentiments, modeled on the Declaration of Independence, that declared that all men and women were created equal.
|
Seneca Falls Convention
|
|
|
IT is considered the beginning of the American feminist movement.
|
Seneca Falls Convention
|
|
|
Were English Protestants who would not accept allegiance in any form to the Church of England.
|
Separatists
|
|
|
The Pilgrims, who founded Plymouth Plantation and went on to found other settlements in Rhode Island and elsewhere in New England were ______.
|
Separatists
|
|
|
The Quakers and Baptists were both ______.
|
Separatists or Separatist groups
|
|
|
The date hijacked passenger airplanes damaged the Pentagon and destroyed the two towers of the World Trade Center in New York City.
|
11-Sep-01
|
|
|
Nearly 3,000 people were killed. The hijackers were found to be members of an Islamic terrorist group, Al Qaeda. These events led to increased security and heightened panic in the United States, as well as expanded U.S. military action abroad.
|
11-Sep-01
|
|
|
Ratified in 1913, provided for the direct election of U.S. senators rather than their selection by state legislatures.
|
Seventeenth Amendment
|
|
|
Under the direction of THIS Secretary of State, the U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867.
|
William H. Seward
|
|
|
At first, this purchase was called "Seward's Folly" or "Seward's Icebox," but later when oil was found HERE, people realized IT's value.
|
Alaska
|
|
|
He had envisioned expanding the U.S. to include Canada, South America and other nearby countries, but only succeeded in Alaska.
|
William H. Seward
|
|
|
IT refers to the easing of sexual taboos in some segments of society during the 1920s. (also in the 1960s)
|
Sexual revolution
|
|
|
Female sexuality was accentuated, fashion became more liberal, divorce laws were liberalized in many states, and casual dating became more common.
|
Sexual revolution
|
|
|
After the Civil War, THIS SYSTEM replaced the plantation system as the primary method of agricultural production in the South.
|
Sharecropping system
|
|
|
The system consisted of plantations subdivided into small farms that were rented to freedmen for leases paid in the form of a share (usually half) of the crop produced.
|
Sharecropping system
|
|
|
The system ostensibly gave freedmen a measure of independence, but often under terms that ensured that whites retained control of land and labor.
|
Sharecropping system
|
|
|
When economic depression struck Massachusetts in the mid-1780s, farmers in particular suffered. In August of 1786, western Massachusetts farmers violently tried to shut down three county courthouses in order to prevent foreclosure proceedings.
|
Shay's Rebellion
|
|
|
The rebellion was easily put down, but it alerted many government officials to the weaknesses of the nation under the Articles of Confederation.
|
Shay's Rebellion
|
|
|
This 1890 law made illegal "every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in the restraint of trade."
|
Sherman Antitrust Act
|
|
|
Although intended to break up business monopolies, THIS ACT was used to break up union strikes in the 1890s.
|
Sherman Antitrust Act
|
|
|
Not until the early 1900s did the government invoke THIS ACT to launch an aggressive antitrust campaign.
|
Sherman Antitrust Act
|
|
|
Union general William T. Sherman led his forces on a march from Atlanta to Savannah and then to Richmond. General Sherman brought the South "to its knees" by ordering large-scale destruction.
|
Sherman's March to the Sea
|
|
|
A response to German submarine attacks on American ships in the Atlantic, THIS 1941 ORDER authorized naval patrols to fire on any Axis ships found between the U.S. and Iceland.
|
Shoot-on-sight order
|
|
|
In 1781, French and American forces encircled and trapped British General Cornwallis's army, forcing surrender of 8,000 troops.
|
Siege of Yorktown
|
|
|
Richard Nixon portrayed himself as the voice of THIS GROUP during the campaign of 1968.
|
Silent Majority
|
|
|
According to Nixon, THIS GROUP was tired of chaos, student protests, and civil rights agitation and was eager for a conservative federal government.
|
Silent Majority
|
|
|
Rachel Carson's BOOK, published in 1962, exposed the environmental hazards of the pesticide DDT.
|
Silent Spring
|
|
|
Her influential book, Silent Spring, helped spur an increase in environmental awareness and concern among the American people.
|
Rachel Carson
|
|
|
A famous muckraker HE, published The Jungle in 1906, which exposed the unsanitary conditions in several meatpacking plants.
|
Upton Sinclair
|
|
|
THIS NOVEL and other exposes led to the passage of laws designed to ensure the safety of foods and medicines.
|
The Jungle
|
|
|
They were Sioux chiefs who resisted and killed Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and his troops at the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876.
|
Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse
|
|
|
Ratified in 1913, IT allowed the federal government to collect a direct income tax. Shortly after it was ratified Congress instituted a graduated income tax with an upper tax rate of seven percent.
|
Sixteenth Amendment
|
|
|
THIS ACT of 1940 made it illegal to speak of or advocate overthrowing the U.S. government.
|
Smith Act
|
|
|
During the presidential campaign of 1948, Truman sought to demonstrate his aggressive stance against communism by prosecuting 11 leaders of the Communist Party under THIS ACT.
|
Smith Act
|
|
|
HE effectively saved Jamestown when the colony was on the verge of collapse in 1608, its first year of existence.
|
John Smith
|
|
|
HIS initiatives to improve sanitation and hygiene and to organize work gangs to gather food and build shelters dramatically lowered mortality rates among Jamestown colonists.
|
John Smith
|
|
|
The generally amiable relationship between the government and organized labor during World War II eroded with the passage of THIS ACT in June 1943.
|
Smith-Connolly War Labor Disputes Act
|
|
|
THIS ACT limited the right to strike in key industries and authorized the president to intervene in any strike, during World War II.
|
Smith-Connolly War Labor Disputes Act
|
|
|
THIS TARIFF in 1930 was one of Herbert Hoover's early efforts to protect the nation's farmers following the onset of the Great Depression, although the act wound up hurting farmers more than it helped them.
|
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
|
|
|
THIS TARIFF raised rates to an all-time high. Ninety-four percent of the imports taxed were agricultural imports.
|
Smoot-Hawley Tariff
|
|
|
This thought system applies Darwin's theories of evolution and survival of the fittest to human societies.
|
Social Darwinism
|
|
|
Andrew Carnegie and others cited THIS THEORY to justify the widening disparities in wealth between the rich and the poor during the era of industrialization.
|
Social Darwinism
|
|
|
Established by the Social Security Act of August 1935.
|
Social Security
|
|
|
Provides benefits to the elderly and disabled.
|
Social Security
|
|
|
Social Security benefits are subsidized by ______.
|
income tax withholdings
|
|
|
THIS GROUP led colonial opposition to the Stamp Act. The organization brought a new level of sophistication to mass demonstrations, forbidding followers to carry weapons and using strict discipline and military formations to direct protesters.
|
Sons of Liberty
|
|
|
In 1957, Martin Luther King Jr. and other prominent clergymen founded the _____________ to fight against segregation using nonviolent means.
|
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
|
|
|
This war broke out in 1898 over U.S. concerns for the Cuban independence movement.
|
Spanish-American War
|
|
|
The U.S. decisively won this war, gaining the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, and securing independence for Cuba.
|
Spanish-American War
|
|
|
Victory in this war marked the entrance of the United States as a power onto the world stage.
|
Spanish-American War
|
|
|
Year of the Spanish-American War.
|
1898
|
|
|
Hidden bars during the Prohibition Era that offered live jazz music and hard liquor to customers.
|
Speakeasies
|
|
|
Speakeasies were often run by ___________.
|
organized crime rings
|
|
|
In 1836, Jackson issued THIS, executive order, in an attempt to stabilized the economy, which had been dramatically expanding since the early 1830s as a result of state banks' excessive lending practices and overspeculation.
|
Specie Circular
|
|
|
IT required that all land payments be made in gold and silver rather than paper money or credit. The resulting contraction of credit precipitated an economic depression known as the panic of 1837.
|
Specie Circular
|
|
|
THIS TERM refers to a group of nations or territories in the unofficial economic, political, social orbit of a greater power.
|
Sphere of influence
|
|
|
NATO countries were in the U.S. _________, while the Communist bloc countries of the Warsaw Pact were in the USSR's ___________. (same answer)
|
Sphere of influence
|
|
|
THIS TERM is used to describe European and Russian influence in China at the end of the nineteenth century.
|
Sphere of influence
|
|
|
THIS NAME arose from the adage "To the victor go the spoils."
|
Spoils system
|
|
|
IT provided for the removal and replacement of all high-ranking officials within the executive office who were members of a new president's opposition. These offices would then be filled by loyal members of the winning party.
|
Spoils system
|
|
|
Launched by the USSR on October 4, 1957, IT was the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.
|
Sputnik
|
|
|
Its launching prompted the space race between the U.S. and USSR, because Americans were both jealous of Soviet technological skill and afraid that the same rockets that launched IT would be used to deliver nuclear warheads anywhere on the globe.
|
Sputnik
|
|
|
IT was the name Theodore Roosevelt gave to his social policies, especially his intended relationship with capital and labor.
|
Square Deal
|
|
|
Theodore Roosevelt wanted to treat everyone fairly, and, in particular, eliminate government favors to big business. (His name for this policy)
|
Square Deal
|
|
|
HE was dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 until 1953.
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
|
HE coordinated Soviet involvement in World War II, at first displaying eagerness to cooperate with U.S. forces but eventually becoming antagonistic.
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
|
After World War II, HE oversaw the escalation of Cold War tensions between HIS Soviet Union and the U.S.
|
Joseph Stalin
|
|
|
THIS 1765 Act required colonial Americans to buy special watermarked paper for newspapers and all legal documents. Violators faced juryless trials in vice-admiralty courts, as under the 1764 Sugar Act.
|
Stamp Act
|
|
|
THIS ACT provoked the first organized response to British impositions on the colonies.
|
Stamp Act
|
|
|
Angered over the Stamp Act, representatives of nine colonial assemblies met in New York City at THIS ASSEMBLY in October 1765.
|
Stamp Act Congress
|
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The colonies agreed widely on the principles that Parliament could not tax anyone outside of Great Britain and could not deny anyone a fair trial, both of which had been dictates of the Stamp Act. THIS MEETING marked a new level of colonial political organization.
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Stamp Act Congress
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A prominent advocate of women's right's SHE organized the 1848 Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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HE was a major American author of the 1930s. HIS novels glorify a simpler, rural way of life, as demonstrated in his most famous work, The Grapes of Wrath (1939), which told a story framed in the plight of Americans during the Great Depression.
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John Steinbeck
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The leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress, HE was a gifted orator and an outspoken legislator devoted to stringent and punitive Reconstruction. He worked toward social and political equality for Southern blacks.
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Thaddeus Stevens
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In May 1972, Nixon signed _________, which limited each of the superpowers to 200 antiballistic missiles and set quotas for intercontinental and submarine missiles. Though largely symbolic, the agreement spawned hope for cooperation on both sides.
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SALT I
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SALT
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Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
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THOSE who favored a strict reading of the Constitution, especially of the elastic clause, in order to limit the powers of the central government.
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Strict Constructionists
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Led by Thomas Jefferson, THEY comprised the ideological core of the Republican Party.
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Strict Constructionists
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Created in 1962, IT united college students throughout the country in a network committed to achieving racial equality, alleviating poverty, and most immediately, ending the Vietnam War.
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Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
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In 1956, the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser tried to nationalize IT, which had been owned by British and French interests.
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Suez Canal
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When Nasser nationalized IT, in response Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt.
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Suez Canal
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When Britain, France, & Israel invaded THIS COUNTRY, because it had nationalized the Suez Canal, the U.S., United Nations, and USSR condemned the intervention and pressured the forces to withdraw in November of 1956.
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Egypt
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The First Continental Congress endorsed Massachusetts's _________, which declared that the colonies need not obey the 1773 Coercive Acts, since they infringed upon basic liberties.
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Suffolk Resolves
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In 1764 IT lowered the duty on foreign-produced molasses as an attempt to discourage colonial smuggling. IT further stipulated that Americans could export many commodities--including lumber, iron, skins, and whalebone--to foreign countries only if the goods passed through British ports first. The terms of the act and its methods of enforcement outraged many colonists.
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Sugar Act
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HE was the leading Radical Republican senator throughout the Civil War and Reconstruction.
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Charles Sumner
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Perhaps the most distinguished member of the radical Republican faction, he ensured the faction's position in the federal government and argued ardently for civil rights for blacks.
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Charles Sumner
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HE lead the defection of the Liberal Republicans.
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Charles Sumner
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In 1916, Woodrow Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany following a German U-boat attack against the French ship Sussex, which carried U.S. civilians.
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Sussex Pledge
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Germany responded to THIS PLEDGE, promising not to attack merchant ships without warning and temporarily easing the diplomatic tension between the U.S. and Germany.
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Sussex Pledge
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President from 1909 to 1913.
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William Howard Taft
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Though handpicked by Roosevelt, HE was not as enthusiastic as Roosevelt about progressive reform, and soon allied himself with the conservative wing of the Republican Party by raising tariffs.
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William Howard Taft
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In raising tariffs and allying himself with the conservative wing of the Republican party, HE offended many Progressive Republicans, including Roosevelt himself, and precipitated a split in the Republican Party.
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William Howard Taft
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The centerpiece of a congressional effort to restrict union activity, THIS ACT of 1947 banned certain union practices and allowed the president to call for an 80-day cooling off period to delay strikes thought to pose risks to national safety.
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Taft-Hartley Act
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Truman vetoed THIS MEASURE, and though his veto was overridden, his actions roused the support of organized labor, a group crucial to his election victory in 1948.
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Taft-Hartley Act
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In 1919, THIS was a proposed amendment to the bill for Missouri's admission to the Union, which the house passed but the Senate blocked.
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Tallmadge Amendment
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THIS AMENDMENT would have prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri and would have mandated the emancipation of slaves' offspring born after the state was admitted.
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Tallmadge Amendment
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In 1821, Congress reached a compromise for Missouri's admission known as the __________.
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Missouri Compromise
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HE served as chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1836 to 1864.
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Roger B. Taney
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In support of slavery laws, HE delivered the majority opinion on Dred Scott v. Sanford.
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Roger B. Taney
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Southern politicians called the 1828 tariff by THIS NAME, because it seriously hurt the South's economy while benefiting Northern and Western industrial interests.
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Tariff of Abominations
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Resistance to THIS TARIFF in South Carolina led to the Nullification Crisis.
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Tariff of Abominations
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A Whig, HE served as president from 1849 until his death in 1850.
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Zachary Taylor
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HE advocated popular sovereignty and in 1849 encouraged California to apply for statehood as a free state, thereby igniting the controversy that led to the Compromise of 1850.
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Zachary Taylor
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This 1773 Act eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants.
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Tea Act
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This Act effectively created a monopoly for the East India Company, which had been in financial difficulties. This, along with the ACT's reinforcement of the long-resented tax on tea, outraged many colonists and prompted the Boston Tea Party.
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Tea Act
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Exposed after Warren G Harding's death in office in 1923, THIS SCANDAL involved Harding's secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall, who had secretly leased government oil reserves to two businessmen in exchange for a $400,000 payment.
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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Teapot Dome came to be used as a prime example of government _______.
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corruption
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A Shawnee chief, HE and his brother, the Shawnee Prophet, tried to unite Native American tribes in Ohio and Indiana to keep the region under native control and ward off white rule.
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Tecumseh
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HIS forces were defeated in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe. HE later allied with the British during the War of 1812.
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Tecumseh
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THIS CONFERENCE, November 28 to December 1, 1943, was the first major meeting between the Big Three leaders.
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Tehran Conference
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At THIS CONFERENCE, Churchill, FDR, and Stalin planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war.
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Tehran Conference
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The U.S. adopted THIS AMENDMENT just before the Spanish-American War, in 1898.
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Teller Amendment
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THIS AMENDMENT declared that the U.S. would not acquire Cuba and would allow it to become an independent country once Spain was defeated.
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Teller Amendment
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Known as the "________________," Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction was more lenient than many members of Congress, especially the Radical Republicans, hoped to impose.
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Ten percent plan
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Under Lincoln's 1863 Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, Southern states would be readmitted to the Union once ten percent of the state's voting population took an oath of loyalty to the Union and the states established new non-Confederate governments.
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Ten Percent plan
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The exponentially increasing population of urban poor during the era of industrialization led to the construction of THESE--narrow, four- or five-story buildings with few windows and limited electricity and plumbing.
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Tenements
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The poor, mostly ethnic minorities and immigrants, were packed into crowded, dirty apartments, in these buildings.
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Tenements
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Part of FDR's New Deal, IT worked to develop energy production sites and conserve resources in the Tennessee Valley.
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
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Although IT pumped money into the economy and completed a number of major projects, environmentalists, advocates of energy conservation, and opponents of nuclear power all eventually found reason to oppose IT.
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
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On January 31, 1968, the first day of the Vietnamese New Year, the Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army launched a general offensive throughout South Vietnam.
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Tet Offensive
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Although the forces did not succeed in capturing the cities, they did wreak widespread devastation, killing many thousands of American troops. This month-long attack led the American public to believe that victory in Vietnam was unattainable.
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Tet Offensive
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Ratified December 6, 1965, IT prohibited slavery in the United States.
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Thirteenth Amendment
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A disciple of Ralph Waldo Emerson, HE was a prominent transcendentalist writer.
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Henry David Thoreau
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Two of his most famous writings are Civil Disobedience (1849) and Walden (1854).
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Henry David Thoreau
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He advocated living life according to one's conscience, removed from materialism and repressive social codes.
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Henry David Thoreau
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During the framing of the Constitution, Southern delegates argued that slaves should count toward representative seats, while the delegates to the Northern states argued that to count slaves as members of the population would grant an unfair advantage to the Southern states in Congress. The result of this debate was the adoption of THIS COMPROMISE, which allowed three-fifths of all slaves to be counted as people.
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Three-fifths clause
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On June 3 and 4, 1989, China's communist army brutally crushed a pro-democracy protest in Beijing's __________________.
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Tiananmen Square
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Diplomatic relations between the U.S. and China significantly soured as a result of the attack at this site.
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Tiananmen Square
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A sign of progress for the civil rights movement during Truman's presidency, the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights formed in 1956. In 1957, the Committee produced THIS REPORT, that called for the elimination of segregation.
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To Secure These Rights
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THEY were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution.
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Tories
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Popularly referred to as the __________, the Revenue Act of 1767 taxed glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea entering the colonies.
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Townshend Duties
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The colonies objected to the fact that THESE DUTIES were clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British Empire.
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Townshend Duties
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Despite the Supreme Court decision in Worcester v. Georgia, federal troops forced bands of Cherokee Indians to move west of the Mississippi between 1835 and 1838.
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Trail of Tears
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On this journey, between 2,000 and 4,000 of the 16,000 Cherokee people died.
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Trail of Tears
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IT was a spiritual movement that arose in the 1830s as a challenge to rationalism.
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Transcendentalism
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THEY aimed to achieve an inner, emotional understanding of God rather than a rational, institutionalized one.
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Transcendentalists
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THEY believed certain concepts such as truth and freedom were inborn. Their movement arose in the 1830s.
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Transcendentalists
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Among the more prominent members of this group were the writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
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Transcendentalists
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Also known as the Adams-Onis Treaty, THIS TREATY was signed in 1819 between the U.S. and Spain.
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Transcontinental Treaty
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By the terms of THIS TREATY, Spain ceded eastern Florida to the U.S., renounced all claims to western Florida, and agreed to a southern border of the U.S. west of the Mississippi extending all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
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Transcontinental Treaty
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On May 10, 1869, the first _______________ was completed when the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads joined their tracks at Promontory Point, Utah.
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Transcontinental railroad
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IT dramatically facilitated western settlement, shortening to a single week a coast-to-coast journey that had once taken six to eight months by wagon.
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Transcontinental railroad
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Signed on Christmas Eve in 1814, THIS TREATY ended the War of 1812 and returned relations between the U.S. and Britain to status quo ante bellum (in other words, the way they were before the war).
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Treaty of Ghent
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After their defeat at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, 12 Native American tribes signed THIS TREATY, which cleared the Ohio territory of tribes and opened it up to U.S. settlement.
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Treaty of Greenville
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THIS TREATY ended the Mexican War.
|
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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THIS TREATY granted the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California. In return the U.S. assumed all monetary claims of U.S. citizens against the Mexican government and paid Mexico $15 million.
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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THIS TREATY ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America.
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Treaty of Paris (1763)
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Under THIS TREATY, Britain won all of Canada and almost all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.
|
Treaty of Paris (1763)
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While there have been many Treaties of Paris throughout history. The most important in American history is the treaty signed in September 1783 and ratified by Congress in January 1784, which ended the ____________ and granted the United States independence.
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Revolutionary War
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Treaty that ended the Revolutionary War and granted the U.S. independence.
|
Treaty of Paris (1783)
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It granted the U.S. all land east of the Mississippi River. While generally accepted, THIS TREATY opened the door to future legislative and economic disputes.
|
Treaty of Paris (1783)
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Signed with Spain in 1795, THIS TREATY--also known as Pinckney's treaty--gave the U.S. unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the U.S. and Spanish Florida.
|
Treaty of San Lorenzo
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Queen Isabella of Castile and King John II of Portugal signed THIS TREATY in 1494, dividing all future discoveries in the New World between their respective nations.
|
Treaty of Tordesillas
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THIS TREATY soon proved unworkable because of the flood of expeditions to the New World and the proliferation of different countries' claims to territory.
|
Treaty of Tordesillas
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THIS TREATY was signed in June 1919 at the end of World War I.
|
Treaty of Versailles
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THIS TREATY punished the Germans severely, forcing Germany to assume blame for the war and pay massive reparations.
|
Treaty of Versailles
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Elements of THIS TREATY included demilitarization of the west bank of the Rhine, the creation of new nations to grant autonomy to oppressed geographic and ethnic groups, and the formation of the League of Nations.
|
Treaty of Versailles
|
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The trade routes under the mercantilist system that linked England, its colonies in North America, the West Indies, and Africa.
|
Triangular trade
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At each port in this trade network, ships were unloaded with goods from another port along the trade route, and then reloaded with goods particular to that site. New England rum was shipped to Africa and traded for slaves, who were brought to the West Indies and traded for sugar and molasses, which went back to New England.
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Triangular trade
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Signed in September 1940, THIS PACT allied Germany, Italy, and Japan, all of which were engaged in aggressive expansion. These nations comprised the Axis powers.
|
Tripartite Pact
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In March 1947, Truman proclaimed before Congress that the U.S. would support people anywhere in the world facing "attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." THIS DOCTRINE committed the U.S. to a role as a global policeman.
|
Truman Doctrine
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He became President after FDR died in office in April 1945; he served until 1953.
|
Harry S. Truman
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HE is known for his decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan and for his subsequent role in the Cold War conflict, when he proved instrumental in committing the U.S. to action against the threat of Soviet aggression in Europe.
|
Harry S. Truman
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|
At home HE attempted to extend then New Deal policies of his predecessor in what he called the Fair Deal.
|
Harry S. Truman
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IT is a conglomerate of businesses that tends to reduce market competition.
|
Trust
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During the Industrial Age, many entrepreneurs consolidated their businesses into THESE in order to gain control of the market and amass great profit, often at the expense of poor workers and consumers.
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Trusts
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A former slave, SHE helped establish the Underground Railroad, a network of safehouses and escorts throughout the North to help escaped slaves to freedom.
|
Harriet Tubman
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HE led a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia.
|
Nat Turner
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HIS rebellion led to deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks, and reinforced the Virginia legislature's laws against emancipation.
|
Nat Turner
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His rebellion also led to the "Gag rule," which outlawed any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives.
|
Nat Turner
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IT outlawed any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives.
|
"Gag rule"
|
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The author of The Gilded Age (1873), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), among other books, HE was a leading literary figure during the era of industrialization.
|
Mark Twain
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HE was a New York City political figure who maintained his power through illegal means.
|
William Marcy "Boss" Tweed
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In 1871, Thomas Nast, a political cartoonist, helped expose HIS "Tweed Ring," which stole millions of dollars from taxpayers.
|
William Marcy "Boss" Tweed
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Future New York governor Samuel J. Tilden helped break up the _____________.
|
"Tweed Ring"
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HE became president of the United States in 1941, when William Henry Harrison died after one month in office.
|
John Tyler
|
|
|
German submarines in World War I were known as _________.
|
U-boats
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Germany called for indiscriminate use of THESE during World War I, leading to the sinking of many French and British ships carrying American citizens.
|
U-boats
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German _________ attacks provoked outrage among the American public, strengthening calls for the U.S. to join the war against the Central Powers.
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U-boat
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IT was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and portrayed the evils of the institution of slavery.
|
Uncle Tom's Cabin
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|
|
Published in 1852, the novel sold over a million copies in its first eight years and reached millions more through dramatic adaptations. IT aroused sympathy for runaway slaves among all classes of Northerners and hardened many Northerners against the South's insistence on continuing slavery.
|
Uncle Tom's Cabin
|
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IT was a network of safe houses and escorts established by Northern abolitionists to foil enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act.
|
Underground Railroad
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|
THIS NETWORK helped escaped slaves reach freedom in the North or in Canada.
|
Underground Railroad
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Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson in 1913, IT reduced the average tariff duties by almost 15 percent and established a graduated income tax to cover the lost tariff revenue.
|
Underwood Tariff
|
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A general term for the combined states of the United States during the Civil War, IT referred to the government and troops of the North.
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Union
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Fifty-one countries founded IT on October 24, 1945.
|
United Nations
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Its central mission was to preserve peace and global stability through international cooperation and collective security.
|
United Nations
|
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|
Still in operation today, IT now claims 189 countries as members.
|
United Nations
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In 1916, Marcus Garvey brought IT from Jamaica to the U.S.
|
United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
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IT urged economic cooperation among African Americans at the beginning of the 20th Century.
|
United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
|
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After the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890, outlawing restraints of trade, THIS CASE disabled it.
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U.S. v. E.C. Knights Co.
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|
In THIS CASE, the Supreme Court said that the Sherman Antitrust Act did not apply to manufacturing, so the E.C. Knight Co. was able to keep its near-monopoly on sugar refining.
|
U.S. v. E.C. Knights Co.
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After THIS CASE there were only a few cases brought against corporations for the ambiguously defined "restraints on trade."
|
U.S. v. E.C. Knights Co.
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THIS PHRASE referred to the German U-boat policy in which submarines attacked any ship--military, merchant, or civilian--without warning.
|
Unrestricted submarine warfare
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|
|
After a period during which Germany practiced limited submarine warfare as promised by the Sussex Pledge, the resumption of THIS POLICY in January 1917 pushed the U.S. even closer to war.
|
Unrestricted submarine warfare
|
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|
THESE sprang up in the U.S. beginning in the late 1820s. In these small experimental communities, American reformers attempted to build perfect societies and present models for other communities to emulate.
|
Utopian Communities
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|
|
Most of the Utopian Communities collapsed by the late ________.
|
1840s
|
|
|
HE served as secretary of state during Jackson's first term in office and as vice president during his second.
|
Martin Van Buren
|
|
|
As Jackson's handpicked successor, HE won the presidency in 1836.
|
Martin Van Buren
|
|
|
Beset by the panic of 1837 and unable to win over Jackson's opposition, the Whigs, HE lost his bid for reelection in 1840.
|
Martin Van Buren
|
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IT was a procommunist guerrilla force working secretly within South Vietnam.
|
Vietcong
|
|
|
Extremely difficult to find and target, THEY were unlike any enemy U.S. troops had ever faced.
|
Vietcong
|
|
|
President Kennedy concerned that communist success in North Vietnam would cause communist revolutions in other countries, began supplying the South Vietnamese government with U.S. troops and military aid.
|
Vietnam War
|
|
|
In 1964, Lyndon Johnson ordered the U.S. to begin bombing North Vietnam, sparking a war that was heavily protested in America.
|
Vietnam War
|
|
|
The U.S. realized they could not win the war and withdrew from Vietnam in ______.
|
1973
|
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|
THESE RESOLUTIONS, in 1798, condemned the Federalists' broad interpretation of the Constitution and instead argued that states' rights superseded federal powers.
|
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
|
|
|
The arguments made by THESE RESOLUTIONS concerning states' rights and nullification would resurface in the mid 1800s in the political crises involving tariff issues and slavery, issues that led to the Civil War.
|
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
|
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It was presented to the Constitutional Convention and proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature with representation in both houses proportional to population.
|
Virginia Plan
|
|
|
It favored the large states, which would have a much greater voice. In opposition, the small states proposed the New Jersey Plan.
|
Virginia Plan
|
|
|
In the end, the two sides, at the Constitutional Convention, found common ground through the _____________________.
|
Connecticut Compromise
|
|
|
In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the Colonies.
|
Virginia Resolves
|
|
|
THESE RESOLUTIONS persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.
|
Virginia Resolves
|
|
|
Prime Minister George Grenville invoked THIS CONCEPT to explain why Parliament could legally tax the colonists even though the colonies could not elect any members of Parliament.
|
Virtual representation
|
|
|
THIS THEORY held that the members of Parliament did not only represent their specific geographic constituencies but also took into consideration the well-being of all British subjects when deliberating on legislation.
|
Virtual representation
|
|
|
THIS LEGISLATION, of 1965 guaranteed the right to vote to all Americans.
|
Voting Rights Act
|
|
|
IT allowed the federal government to intervene in elections in order to ensure that minorities could vote.
|
Voting Rights Act
|
|
|
In July 1864, Congress passed THIS BILL, setting forth stringent requirements for Confederate states' readmission to the Union.
|
Wade-Davis Bill
|
|
|
President Lincoln, who supported a more liberal Reconstruction policy, vetoed THIS BILL by leaving it unsigned more than ten days after adjournment of Congress.
|
Wade-Davis Bill
|
|
|
The popular name for the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, the ___________ provided a framework for collective bargaining.
|
Wagner Act
|
|
|
IT granted workers the right to join unions and engage in bargaining, and forbade employers from interfering with, or discriminating against, union rights.
|
Wagner Act
|
|
|
THE ACT demonstrated the support of FDR's administration for labor needs and unionization.
|
Wagner Act
|
|
|
A group of westerners and southerners led by John Calhoun and Henry Clay, THEY pushed for war against Britain.
|
War Hawks
|
|
|
THEY objected to Britain's hostile policies against U.S. ships, including impressment and the seizure of shipping goods, and advocated fighting instead of submitting to this disgraceful treatment.
|
War Hawks
|
|
|
THEY hoped that through war, the U.S. would win some western, southwestern, and Canadian territories.
|
War Hawks
|
|
|
THIS WAR, between the U.S. and Great Britain lasted until 1814.
|
War of 1812
|
|
|
Although IT ended in stalemate with the Treaty of Ghent, the American public believed the U.S. had won the war after news spread of General Andrew Jackson's decisive victory at the Battle of New Orleans, which occurred two weeks after the signing of the treaty.
|
War of 1812
|
|
|
For years following THIS APPARENT VICTORY, an ebullient spirit of nationalism and optimism pervaded America.
|
War of 1812
|
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|
Created in 1942, THIS BOARD oversaw the production of the thousands of planes, tanks, artillery pieces, and munitions that FDR requested once the U.S. entered the war.
|
War Productions Board
|
|
|
THIS BOARD allocated scarce resources and shifted domestic production from civilian to military goods.
|
War Productions Board
|
|
|
IT was created by President Lyndon Johnson and led by Chief Justice of the United States Earl Warren. ITS purpose was to look into the Kennedy assassination.
|
The Warren Commission
|
|
|
THIS COMMISSION concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the only shooter and that there was no conspiracy surrounding the events.
|
The Warren Commission
|
|
|
HE served as chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969.
|
Earl Warren
|
|
|
During HIS time as chief justice, the liberal supreme court made a number of important decisions, primarily in the realm of civil rights.
|
Earl Warren
|
|
|
The most important contribution of HIS Court during the 1950s was the 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka.
|
Earl Warren
|
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THIS COMMUNIST-BLOC TREATY from 1955, officially linked the USSR and its Eastern European satellites--Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania--in a single Soviet-controlled military command, and allowed the stationing of Soviet troops in countries apart of the pact.
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Warsaw Pact
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THIS TREATY was seen as the Soviet response to the formation of NATO.
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Warsaw Pact
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HE was an African-American leader and the first principal of the Tuskegee Institute (1881).
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Booker T. Washington
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HE adopted a moderate approach in addressing racism and segregation, urging his fellow blacks to learn vocational skills and strive for gradual improvements in their social, political, and economic status.
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Booker T. Washington
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HE led the Continental Army to victory in the Revolutionary War and became the nation's first president in 1789.
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George Washington
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HE intervened little in legislative affairs and concentrated mostly on diplomacy and finance. A Federalist, he granted Alexander Hamilton a great deal of support in his Federalist economic campaign.
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George Washington
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HE officially resigned from office in 1796, after serving two terms in office.
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George Washington
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On June 17, 1972, burglars employed by Nixon's Committee to Re-elect the President (CREEP) broke into Democratic National Committee headquarters in THIS COMPLEX in Washington, DC.
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Watergate
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In the ensuing investigation, it became clear that Nixon had known of such illegal activity and had participated in the cover-up attempt.
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Watergate
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Faced with near-certain impeachment, HE resigned the presidency on August 9, 1974.
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Richard Nixon
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THESE RIOTS of 1965 occurred in an African-American ghetto of Los Angeles and left more than 30 dead and 1,000 wounded.
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Watts race riots
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THESE RIOTS lasted for a week and were the first of hundreds of race riots that occurred during that time period. These riots followed slow progress in civil rights legislation, which caused frustration and disillusionment.
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Watts race riots
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One of the country's leading statesmen in the first half of the nineteenth century, HE was a Federalist lawyer who won, most notably, the Dartmouth College (1819) and McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) cases in the Supreme Court.
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Daniel Webster
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HE became a powerful defender of northern interests, supporting the 1828 tariff and objecting to nullification. HE opposed many of Jackson's policies and became a leader of the Whig Party.
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Daniel Webster
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THEY were originally colonists supporting independence.
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Whigs
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In the mid-1830s, THIS PARTY opposed Jackson's strong-armed leadership style and policies.
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Whigs or Whig Party
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THEY promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government. Reaching their height of popularity in the 1830s, THEY disappeared from the national political scene by the 1850s.
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Whigs
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In 1791, Alexander Hamilton pushed a high excise tax on whiskey as part of his Federalist economic policy. In July 1794, violence broke out in western Pennsylvania, the area most hurt by the tax.
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Whiskey Rebellion
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In a show of national strength, George Washington himself led a force of militiamen to crush THIS REBELLION.
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Whiskey Rebellion
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When President Clinton was governor of Arkansas in the 1980s, he invested in land in _________, Arkansas. He was accused of using government connections to get a loan for the land which initiated an investigation through most of his presidency.
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Whitewater
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During the 1995 _______ Hearings, the President Clinton was not charged, although some of his associates were charged and convicted of fraud.
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Whitewater
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HE was an avid reader and disciple of Ralph Waldo Emerson. His major work, Leaves of Grass, published in 1855, celebrated the diversity and democracy of America.
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Walt Whitman
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A dissenter, HE clashed with Massachusetts Puritans over the issue of separation of church and state.
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Roger Williams
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After being banished from Massachusetts in 1636, HE traveled south, where he founded the colony of Rhode Island, which granted full religious freedom to its inhabitants.
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Roger Williams
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Proposed in 1846 before the end of the Mexican War, IT stipulated that slavery be prohibited in any territory the U.S. gained from Mexico in the upcoming negotiations.
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Wilmot Proviso
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With strong support from the North, the proviso passed in the House of Representatives but stalled in the Senate.
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Wilmot Proviso
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HE served as president from 1913 to 1921.
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Woodrow Wilson
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An enthusiastic reformer, he supported measures to limit corporate power, protect labor, and aid poor farmers. During the early years of World War I, HE struggled to preserve American neutrality.
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Woodrow Wilson
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HIS key contributions to WWI, beyond furnishing American forces, were the elucidation of his Fourteen Points and his advocacy of the League of Nations.
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Woodrow Wilson
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As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, HE (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy.
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John Winthrop
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He envisioned his colony, centered in present day Boston, as a "city on a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
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John Winthrop
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Founded in 1874, IT worked alongside the Anti-Saloon League to push for temperance.
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Women's Christian Temperance Union (WTCU)
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Notable women activists in this temperance organization included Susan B. Anthony and Frances Elizabeth Willard.
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Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WTCU)
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In August 1970, tens of thousands of women around the country held demonstrations to demand the right to equal employment and legal abortions. This coordinated effort was known as the ________.
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Women's Strike for Equality
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In THIS CASE (1832), Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee tribe comprised a "domestic dependent nation" within Georgia and thus deserved protection from harassment.
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Worcester v. Georgia
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Known as a vehement Indian hater and eager to secure Native American land for U.S. settlement, Andrew Jackson refused to abide by THIS DECISION. The Cherokee removal continued unabated.
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Worcester v. Georgia
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Much of the $5 billion allocated to FDR by the Emergency Relief Allocation Act of 1935 went to the creation of this Agency.
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Workers Progress Administration
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Over eight years, this agency provided work for the unemployed of all backgrounds, from industrial engineers to authors and artists.
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Works Progress Administration
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Partially owing to THIS AGENCY'S efforts, unemployment fell by over five percent between 1935 and 1937.
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Works Progress Administration
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In 1995, President Clinton established THIS ORGANIZATION, to facilitate operations and trade between multinational corporations and capital brokers.
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World Trade Organization (WTO)
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IT was created as a result of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) negotiations to reduce obstacles to international trade.
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World Trade Organization (WTO)
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During the late 1800s, a series of battles occurred between Indians and settlers, because the settlers were pushing them off their land. In 1890, a group of Teton Sioux were surrounded by U.S. troops at THIS LOCATION in South Dakota.
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Wounded Knee
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The U.S. armed forces massacred more than 200 unarmed Sioux Indians.
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Wounded Knee
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Legalized by Parliament during the French and Indian War, THESE were general search warrants that allowed British customs officers to search any colonial building or ship that they believed might contain smuggled goods, even without probable cause for suspicion.
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Writs of Assistance
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The colonists considered THESE general search warrants to be a grave infringement upon their personal liberties.
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Writs of Assistance
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In response to continued French aggression at sea, John Adams sent a diplomatic envoy to France to negotiate for peace in 1797. Charles de Tallyrand, the French foreign minister, refused to meet with the U.S. delegation and instead sent three anonymous agents--X,Y, and Z--to try to extort money from the Americans in exchange for negotiation rights.
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XYZ affair
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THIS widely publicized attempt at extortion, by the French against the U.S. in 1797, aroused outrage among the American people.
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XYZ affair
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The Big Three, represented by FDR, Churchill, and Stalin, met at the THIS Conference from February 4 to February 11, 1945.
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Yalta Conference
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Although FDR and Churchill's bargaining power with Stalin was severely hindered by the presence of Soviet troops in Poland and Eastern Europe, Stalin did agree to declare war on Japan soon after Germany surrendered and did approve plans for a United Nations conference in April 1945.
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Yalta Conference
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IT refers to the exaggerated and sensationalized stories about Spanish military atrocities against Cuban rebels that the New York World and New York Journal, among other newspapers, published in the period leading up to the Spanish-American War (1898).
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Yellow journalism
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THIS MEDIA TACTIC swayed the American public opinion in favor of war against Spain.
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Yellow journalism
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HE was president of the Russian Republic in 1991, when hard-line communists attempted to overthrow Mikhail Gorbachev.
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Boris Yeltsin
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After helping to repel the hard-line communists, HE and the leaders of the other Soviet republics declared an end to the USSR, forcing Gorbachev to resign.
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Boris Yeltsin
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HE played an increasingly important role in global politics from the fall of the Soviet Union onward.
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Boris Yeltsin
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THIS ORGANIZATION and later the YWCA (Young Women's Christian Association), came to America from England in 1851.
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Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)
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IT attempted to alleviate some of the strains of destitution in American cities by providing young people with affordable shelter and recreational facilities.
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Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)
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In 1917, British intelligence intercepted THIS MESSAGE, sent from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico.
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Zimmerman Telegram
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THIS MESSAGE urged Mexico to enter WWI against the U.S. in exchange for a German pledge to help restore Mexico's former territories of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas.
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Zimmerman Telegram
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THIS MESSAGE'S unmasking of German's aggressive war plans pushed the U.S. into World War I.
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Zimmerman Telegram
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