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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When talk radio says "It’s the sun", Science says...
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The sun’s output has barely changed since 1970 and is irrelevant to recent global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/solar-activity-sunspots-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Climate’s changed before", Science says...
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Climate reacts to whatever forces it to change at the time, which now is dominated by humans.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/climate-change-little-ice-age-medieval-warm-period.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "There is no consensus", Science says...
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97% of climate experts agree humans are causing global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-scientific-consensus.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s cooling", Science says...
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The last decade 2000-2009 was the hottest on record.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-cooling.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Models are unreliable", Science says...
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Models successfully reproduce temperatures since 1900 globally, by land, in the air and the ocean.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/climate-models.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Temp record is unreliable", Science says...
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The warming trend is the same in rural and urban areas, measured by thermometers and satellites.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/surface-temperature-measurements.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It hasn’t warmed since 1998", Science says...
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2005 was the hottest year globally, and 2009 the second hottest.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-stopped-in-1998.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Ice age predicted in the 70s", Science says...
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The vast majority of climate papers in the 1970s predicted warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/ice-age-predictions-in-1970s.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "We’re heading into an ice age", Science says...
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Worry about global warming impacts in the next 100 years, not an ice age in over 10,000 years.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/heading-into-new-little-ice-age.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Antarctica is gaining ice", Science says...
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Satellites measure Antarctica losing land ice at an accelerating rate.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/antarctica-gaining-ice.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 lags temperature", Science says...
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Recent CO2 increase has caused recent warming without any time lag.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-lags-temperature.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s not bad", Science says...
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Negative impacts of global warming on agriculture, health and environment far outweigh any positives.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-positives-negatives.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Al Gore got it wrong", Science says...
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Al Gore book is quite accurate, and far more accurate than contrarian books.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/al-gore-inconvenient-truth-errors.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s cosmic rays", Science says...
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Cosmic rays show no trend over the last 30 years and have had little impact on recent global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/cosmic-rays-and-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s freaking cold!", Science says...
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A local cold day has nothing to do with the long-term trend of increasing global temperatures.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-cold-weather.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Hurricanes aren’t linked to global warming", Science says...
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There is increasing evidence that hurricanes are getting stronger due to global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/hurricanes-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "1934 – hottest year on record", Science says...
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1934 was one of the hottest years in the US, not globally.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/1934-hottest-year-on-record.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Hockey stick is broken", Science says...
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Recent studies agree that recent global temperatures are unprecedented in the last 1000 years.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/broken-hockey-stick.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Mars is warming", Science says...
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Mars is not warming globally.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-on-mars.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s Urban Heat Island effect", Science says...
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Urban and rural regions show the same warming trend.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/urban-heat-island-effect.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s just a natural cycle", Science says...
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Ancient natural cycles are irrelevant for attributing recent global warming to humans.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/1500-year-natural-cycle.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Arctic icemelt is a natural cycle", Science says...
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Thick arctic sea ice is undergoing a rapid retreat.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Arctic-sea-ice-melt-natural-or-man-made.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Sea level rise is exaggerated", Science says...
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A variety of different measurements find steadily rising sea levels over the past century.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/sea-level-rise.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas", Science says...
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Rising CO2 increases atmospheric water vapor, which makes global warming much worse.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/water-vapor-greenhouse-gas.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Other planets are warming", Science says...
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Mars and Jupiter are not warming, and anyway the sun has recently been cooling slightly.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-other-planets-solar-system.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Greenland was green", Science says...
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Other parts of the earth got colder when Greenland got warmer.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/greenland-used-to-be-green.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Oceans are cooling", Science says...
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The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/cooling-oceans.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy", Science says...
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Several investigations have cleared scientists of any wrongdoing in the media-hyped email incident.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Climategate-CRU-emails-hacked.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Human CO2 is a tiny % of CO2 emissions", Science says...
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Human-caused CO2 emissions upset the natural balance and are causing global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/human-co2-smaller-than-natural-emissions.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Climate sensitivity is low", Science says...
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Net positive feedback is confirmed by many different lines of evidence.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/climate-sensitivity.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 effect is weak", Science says...
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The strong CO2 effect has been observed by many different measurements.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/empirical-evidence-for-co2-enhanced-greenhouse-effect.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "We’re coming out of the Little Ice Age", Science says...
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The sun was warming up then, but the sun hasn’t been warming since 1970.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/coming-out-of-little-ice-age.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It cooled mid-century", Science says...
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Mid-century cooling involved aerosols and is irrelevant for recent global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-cooling-mid-20th-century.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Glaciers are growing", Science says...
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Most glaciers are retreating, posing a serious problem for millions who rely on glaciers for water.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/himalayan-glaciers-growing.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It warmed before 1940 when CO2 was low", Science says...
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Early 20th century warming is due to several causes, including rising CO2.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-early-20th-century.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "There’s no empirical evidence", Science says...
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There are multiple lines of direct observations that humans are causing global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/empirical-evidence-for-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Polar bear numbers are increasing", Science says...
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Polar bears are in danger of extinction as well as many other species.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/polar-bears-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Satellites show no warming in the troposphere", Science says...
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The most recent satellite data show that the earth as a whole is warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/satellite-measurements-warming-troposphere.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Mt. Kilimanjaro’s ice loss is due to land use", Science says...
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Most glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, notwithstanding a few complicated cases.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/mount-kilimanjaro-snow.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "IPCC does not represent a scientific consensus", Science says...
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The IPCC summarizes the recent research by leading scientific experts.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/ipcc-scientific-consensus.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Extreme weather isn’t caused by global warming", Science says...
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Extreme weather events are being made worse by global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/extreme-weather-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 is not a pollutant", Science says...
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Excess CO2 emissions will lead to hotter conditions that will stress and even kill crops.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-pollutant.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "There’s no correlation between CO2 and temperature", Science says...
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There is long-term correlation between CO2 and global temperature; other effects are short-term.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-temperature-correlation.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Greenland is gaining ice", Science says...
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Greenland on the whole is losing ice, as confirmed by satellite measurement.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/greenland-cooling-gaining-ice.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 was higher in the past", Science says...
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When CO2 was higher in the past, the sun was cooler.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-higher-in-past.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Scientists can’t even predict weather", Science says...
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Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/weather-forecasts-vs-climate-models-predictions.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "There’s no tropospheric hot spot", Science says...
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We see a clear "short-term hot spot" – there’s various evidence for a "long-term hot spot".
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/tropospheric-hot-spot.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Neptune is warming", Science says...
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And the sun is cooling.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-on-neptune.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Jupiter is warming", Science says...
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Jupiter is not warming, and anyway the sun is cooling.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-warming-on-jupiter.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s Pacific Decadal Oscillation", Science says...
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The PDO shows no trend, and therefore the PDO is not responsible for the trend of global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Pacific-Decadal-Oscillation.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 effect is saturated", Science says...
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Direct measurements find that rising CO2 is trapping more heat.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/saturated-co2-effect.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Pluto is warming", Science says...
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And the sun has been recently cooling.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/pluto-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Greenland ice sheet won’t collapse", Science says...
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When Greenland was 3 to 5 degrees C warmer than today, a large portion of the Ice Sheet melted.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/stable-greenland-ice-sheet.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Volcanoes emit more CO2 than humans", Science says...
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Humans emit 100 times more CO2 than volcanoes.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/volcanoes-and-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Animals and plants can adapt to global warming", Science says...
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Global warming will cause mass extinctions of species that cannot adapt on short time scales.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Can-animals-and-plants-adapt-to-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Medieval Warm Period was warmer", Science says...
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Globally averaged temperature now is higher than global temperature in medieval times.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/medieval-warm-period.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 measurements are suspect", Science says...
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CO2 levels are measured by hundreds of stations across the globe, all reporting the same trend.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-measurements-uncertainty.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s the ocean", Science says...
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The oceans are warming and moreover are becoming more acidic, threatening the food chain.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/ocean-and-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s El Niño", Science says...
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El Nino has no trend and so is not responsible for the trend of global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/el-nino-southern-oscillation.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Arctic sea ice is back to normal", Science says...
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Thick arctic sea ice is in rapid retreat.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Has-Arctic-sea-ice-recovered.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Less than half of published scientists endorse global warming", Science says...
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Around 95% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/klaus-martin-schulte-consensus.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Dropped stations introduce warming bias", Science says...
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If the dropped stations had been kept, the temperature would actually be slightly higher.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Dropped-stations-introduce-warming-bias.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Solar Cycle Length proves its the sun", Science says...
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The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/solar-cycle-length.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s aerosols", Science says...
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Aerosols have been masking global warming, which would be worse otherwise.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/aerosols-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s microsite influences", Science says...
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Microsite influences on temperature changes are minimal; good and bad sites show the same trend.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/microsite-influences-on-global-temperature.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 has a short residence time", Science says...
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Excess CO2 from human emissions has a long residence time of over 100 years
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-residence-time.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s a climate regime shift", Science says...
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There is no evidence that climate has chaotic "regimes" on a long-term basis.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/climate-shift-synchronized-chaos.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "2nd law of thermodynamics contradicts greenhouse theory", Science says...
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The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Second-law-of-thermodynamics-greenhouse-theory.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Humans are too insignificant to affect global climate", Science says...
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Humans are small but powerful, and human CO2 emissions are causing global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Are-humans-too-insignificant-to-affect-global-climate.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s not happening", Science says...
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Recent global warming is occurring and is due to humans.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/evidence-for-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Greenhouse effect has been falsified", Science says...
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The greenhouse effect is standard physics and confirmed by observations.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/does-greenhouse-effect-exist.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s land use", Science says...
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Land use plays a minor role in climate change, although carbon sequestration may help to mitigate.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/land-use-and-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "The science isn’t settled", Science says...
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That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty and confirmed by observations.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/settled-science.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "2009-2010 winter saw record cold spells", Science says...
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A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/December-2009-record-cold-spells.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s methane", Science says...
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Methane plays a minor role in global warming but could get much worse if permafrost starts to melt.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/methane-and-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "500 scientists refute the consensus", Science says...
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Around 95% of climate experts agree that humans are causing global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/500-scientists-global-warming-consensus.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Mike’s Nature trick to ‘hide the decline’", Science says...
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Michael Mann was quoted out of context, and nothing was hidden.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Mikes-Nature-trick-hide-the-decline.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers", Science says...
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Glaciers are in rapid retreat worldwide, despite 1 error in 1 paragraph in a 1000 page IPCC report.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/IPCC-Himalayan-glacier-2035-prediction.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Ocean acidification isn’t serious", Science says...
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Past history shows that when CO2 rises quickly, there was mass extinctions of coral reefs.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/ocean-acidification-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Sea level rise predictions are exaggerated", Science says...
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Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/sea-level-rise-predictions.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Naomi Oreskes’ study on consensus was flawed", Science says...
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Benny Peiser, the Oreskes critic, retracted his criticism.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/naomi-oreskes-consensus-on-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Phil Jones says no global warming since 1995", Science says...
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Phil Jones was misquoted.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Phil-Jones-says-no-global-warming-since-1995.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Ice isn’t melting", Science says...
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Ice is melting at an accelerating rate at both poles and in glaciers all over the world.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/melting-ice-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 is coming from the ocean", Science says...
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The ocean is absorbing massive amounts of CO2, and is becoming more acidic as a result.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-coming-from-ocean.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s not us", Science says...
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Multiple sets of independent observations find a human fingerprint on climate change.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/its-not-us.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 is not increasing", Science says...
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CO2 is increasing rapidly, and is reaching levels not seen on the earth for millions of years.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/co2-levels-airborne-fraction-increasing.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s albedo", Science says...
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Albedo change in the Arctic, due to receding ice, is increasing global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/earth-albedo-effect.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Record snowfall disproves global warming", Science says...
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Warming leads to increased evaporation and precipitation, which falls as increased snow in winter.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Record-snowfall-disproves-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Hansen’s 1988 prediction was wrong", Science says...
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Jim Hansen had several possible scenarios; his mid-level scenario B was right.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Hansen-1988-prediction.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Lindzen and Choi find low climate sensitivity", Science says...
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Lindzen and Choi’s paper is viewed as unacceptably flawed by other climatologists.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Lindzen-Choi-2009-low-climate-sensitivity.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "The sun is getting hotter", Science says...
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The sun’s output has just oscillated since 1970 with a slight cooling trend.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/acrim-pmod-sun-getting-hotter.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Solar cycles cause global warming", Science says...
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Over recent decades, the sun has been slightly cooling and is irrelevant to recent global warming.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/solar-cycles-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Springs aren’t advancing", Science says...
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Hundreds of flowers across the UK are flowering earlier now than any time in 250 years.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/advancing-spring-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Over 31,000 scientists signed the OISM Petition Project", Science says...
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The ‘OISM petition’ was signed by only a few climatologists.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/OISM-Petition-Project.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s waste heat", Science says...
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Greenhouse warming is adding 100 times more heat to the climate than waste heat.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/waste-heat-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Water levels correlate with sunspots", Science says...
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This detail is irrelevant to the observation of global warming caused by humans.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/sunspots-and-water-levels.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "IPCC were wrong about Amazon rainforests", Science says...
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The IPCC statement on Amazon rainforests was correct, and was incorrectly reported in some media.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/IPCC-false-predictions-Amazon-rainforests.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Mauna Loa is a volcano", Science says...
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The global trend is calculated from hundreds of CO2 measuring stations and confirmed by satellites.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/mauna-loa-volcano-co2-measurements.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Climate is chaotic and cannot be predicted", Science says...
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Weather is chaotic but climate is driven by Earth’s energy imbalance, which is more predictable.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/chaos-theory-global-warming-can-climate-be-predicted.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Water vapor in the stratosphere stopped global warming", Science says...
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This possibility just means that future global warming could be even worse.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/water-vapor-stratosphere-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Scientists retracted claim that sea levels are rising", Science says...
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The paper in question was misquoted.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Scientists-retracted-claim-rising-sea-levels.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 is not the only driver of climate", Science says...
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CO2 is the main driver of climate change.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/CO2-is-not-the-only-driver-of-climate.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Trenberth can’t account for the lack of warming", Science says...
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Trenberth is talking about the details of energy flow, not whether global warming is happening.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Kevin-Trenberth-travesty-cant-account-for-the-lack-of-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 was higher in the late Ordovician", Science says...
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The sun was much cooler during the Ordovician.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/CO2-was-higher-in-late-Ordovician.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Southern sea ice is increasing", Science says...
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Antarctic sea ice has grown in recent decades despite the Southern Ocean warming at the same time.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/increasing-Antarctic-Southern-sea-ice.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Melting ice isn’t warming the Arctic", Science says...
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Melting ice leads to more sunlight being absorbed by water, thus heating the Arctic.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Melting-ice-isnt-warming-Arctic.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Global temperatures dropped sharply in 2007", Science says...
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But global temperatures rose sharply in 2009, to the second hottest level.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-cooling-january-2007-to-january-2008.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Tree-rings diverge from temperature after 1960", Science says...
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This is a detail that is complex, local, and irrelevant to the observed global warming trend.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Tree-ring-proxies-divergence-problem.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Hulme says IPCC consensus was phoney", Science says...
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Ironically, it’s those who are mispresenting Hulme’s paper that are the ones being misleading.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Hulme-IPCC-consensus.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s CFCs", Science says...
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CFCs contribute at a small level.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/CFCs-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "A drop in volcanic activity caused warming", Science says...
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Volcanoes have had no warming effect in recent global warming – if anything, a cooling effect.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/coming-out-of-ice-age-volcanoes.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "CO2 emissions do not correlate with CO2 concentration", Science says...
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That humans are causing the rise in atmospheric CO2 is confirmed by multiple isotopic analyses.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/CO2-emissions-correlation-with-CO2-concentration.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s global brightening", Science says...
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This is a complex aerosol effect with unclear temperature significance.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/global-brightening-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Warming causes CO2 rise", Science says...
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Recent warming is due to rising CO2.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/warming-co2-rise.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s ozone", Science says...
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Ozone has only a small effect.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/ozone-layer-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "It’s satellite microwave transmissions", Science says...
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Satellite transmissions are extremely small and irrelevant.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/satellite-microwave-transmissions.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "We didn’t have global warming during the Industrial Revolution", Science says...
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CO2 emissions were much smaller 100 years ago.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Industrial-Revolution-global-warming.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Greenland has only lost a tiny fraction of its ice mass", Science says...
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Greenland’s ice loss is accelerating and will add metres of sea level rise in upcoming centuries.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Greenland-lost-fraction-of-ice-mass.htm ) |
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When talk radio says "Antarctica is too cold to lose ice", Science says...
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Glaciers are sliding faster into the ocean because ice shelves are thinning due to warming oceans.
( http://www.skepticalscience.com/Antarctica-absolute-temperatures-too-cold-ice-loss.htm ) |
