Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the time limit for beginning urinalysis on un-refrigerated urine?
|
Urine must be tested within 30 minutes of voiding, or must be refrigerated.
|
|
|
What gives healthy urine it's characteristic yellow color?
|
Urochrome, which is a pigment byproduct of hemoglobin destruction
|
|
|
How does urine color vary depending on the concentration of solutes?
|
Urine with higher concentration of solutes (usually produced by dehydration) will have a darker color, whereas low concentration of solutes will be lighter/clearer
|
|
|
What might change the color of urine?
|
Consumption of certain foods (such as beets), varous drugs, bile, or blood
|
|
|
What Ph range is expected for urine?
|
Urine may range from 4.5 (acidic) to 8.0 (basic), but 6.0 is considered normal.
Diet can change this acidity. Consumption of high protein foods (meat, eggs, cheese) may increase acidity, these are called acid ash foods. A vegitarian diet can make urine more basic, foods of this type are called alkaline ash foods. Another possible cause of high Ph might be a bacterial infection in the urinary tract. |
|
|
What is specific gravity? How does it relate to urinalysis
|
Specific gravity is the relative weight of a specific volume of liquid as compared to an equal volume of distilled water. Values in excess of 1.00 are denser, below 1.00 are less dense than water.
Urine normally varies between 1.001 to 1.030. Excessive water intake will result in lower specific gravity due to lower concentration of solutes, whereas dehydration will result in a higher specific gravity. |
|
|
What is the medical term for kidney inflammation?
|
Pyelonephritis
|
|
|
Why do kidney stones form?
|
Excessively concentrated urine (from dehydration) causes substances normally held in solution to precipitate or crystalize, forming kidney stones or renal calculi
|
|
|
What substances are normally foudn in urine?
|
Water, urea, sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate ions, creatinine, and uric acid.
Trace amounts of calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions may also be present |
|
|
Glucose is present in a patient's urine. What is this called? What is a likely diagnosis?
|
Glycosuria. This indicates abnormally high blood sugar levels, and may indicate diabetes mellitus, in which the body cells are unable to absorb glucose from the blood.
One signal of this is a sweet or fruity smell from the urine, as opposed to the normal ammonia-like smell. |
|
|
Protein is present in a patient's urine. What is this called? What is a likely diagnosis?
|
Normally, this is the protein albumin, the most abundant protein in blood. The condition is called Albuminuria. Normally, proteins are too large to pass through the filtration stage. Presence of protein in the urine may indicate abnormally permeable glomerular membranes, or may indicate a non-pathological cause, such as pregnancy or excessive protein intake
Other prossible causes might be related to kidney trauma from toxins or physical blows |
|
|
Ketone bodies are present in a patient's urine. What is this called? What is a likely diagnosis?
|
Ketonuria. Ketones normally appear in the urine in very small amounts. Since these are intermediate products of fat burning, excessive amounts may indicate abnormal metabolic processes occurring. It is an expected finding during starvation, or diets very low in carbohydrates. It may also be present in concert with glycosuria if the patient has diabetes melitus.
|
|
|
Red blood cells are present in a patient's urine. What is this called? What is a likely diagnosis?
|
Hematuria. Erythrocytes are normally too large to pass through the filtration stage, and this likely indicates pathology of the urinary tract. Possible causes are kidney stones, tumors, bleeding in the urinary tract, or physical trauma to the urinary organs. In menstruating females, this may simply indicate accidental contamination from normal flow.
|
|
|
Hemoglobin is present in a patient's urine. What is this called? What is a likely diagnosis?
|
Hemoglobinuria. The presence of hemoglobin in urine is a result of the fragmentation of red blood cells. This often indicates pathological conditions such as hemolytic anemias, transfusion reactions, burns, poisonous bites, or renal disease.
|
|
|
Bilirubin is present in a patient's urine. What is this called? What is a likely diagnosis?
|
Bilirubinuria. This usually indicates liver pathology such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or bile duct blockage.
Urine with this quality may form a kind of yellow foam when shaken. |
|
|
Nitrates are present in a patient's urine. What is this called? What is a likely diagnosis?
|
No specific name given. Most likely this indicates bacterial infection of the urinary tract.
|
|
|
White blood cells are present in a patient's urine. What is this called? What is a likely diagnosis?
|
Pyuria. This indicates inflammation of the urinary tract.
|
|
|
Casts are present in a patient's urine. What is this called? What is a likely diagnosis?
|
No specific name given. Casts are hardened cell fragments, usually cylindrical. The text does not give detail or specifics, but possible diagnoses include glomerulonephritis and renal disease.
|
