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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Freud's response to #1
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- Result of id.
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Freud's suggestion to #1
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- Psychoanalysis.
develop ego and super-ego. |
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What is id?
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- Unconscious drives with no logical thought.
- immediate satisfaction of desires to release organismic tension. - sexual, aggressive. - no knowledge of right or wrong. |
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What is ego?
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- Developed between age 2 to 3 as natural development
- mediates between id and super-ego - steers id through fostering tolerance of frustration, control of impulses, keeping organism safe. |
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What is super-ego?
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- Moral voice, seed of conscience.
- Not innate. - Governs what is right and wrong. |
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Skinner's response to #1
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- Result of something witnessed in environment.
- Cause lies outside of individual. - There is response to choking, and Matty likes the attention. |
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Skinner's suggestion to #1
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- Operant conditioning
- Reward Casey on variable ratio schedule - "I like it when you don't hurt the dog" |
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What is operant conditioning?
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Shaping/maintaining particular behavior by its consequences. - reinforcers and punishments.
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What is reinforcement?
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- Presenting a reward.
- Enhances response. |
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What is punishment?
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- Removal of stimulus.
- Decreases response. |
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What is a variable ratio schedule?
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Rewarding on a non-regular schedule. Makes subject not know when reward is coming, but know it is coming.
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What does the student feel in #2?
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- A sense of non-existence and non-being
- More dead than alive - No meaning, no purpose |
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May's response to #2
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- Repressing the daimonic.
- More non-being than being. - Experiencing psychopathy. |
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What is the daimonic?
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- Reservoir of vital energy.
- Divine and diabolical. - Feeling good, feeling bad. |
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Causes of psychopathy
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three causes:
1. society - objectifies us with technological and bureaucratic systems. makes us lose subjectiveness 2. family - too dominating; shatters sense of being 3. individual - each person is responsible for expression of subjectiveness and autonomy |
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Bugental's response to #2
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- dispiritedness
- depression from damage at juncture of willed intention and assertiveness within system of intentionality. |
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What is dispiritedness?
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- Sadness
- difficulty in carrying out action - avoidance of investment of action - being an object instead of a subject |
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What is subjectivity?
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having a say over your life instead of being an object
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What is the system of intentionality?
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- impulses become wishes
- wishes become wants - starts realm of what is possible - wants become willed intentions - unconscious subjective action - willed intentions become actions - actions become actualized - showing intention in definitive form. - actualization leads to interaction |
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What is Maslow's definition of self-actualization?
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- mature, fully human person whose human potential has been realized and actualized
- large degree of commitment to something larger than or outside of themselves |
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What are the 5 characteristics of self-actualization?
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1. more accurate perception of reality. not guided by expectations.
2. higher degree of self-acceptance, acceptance of others 3. higher degree of spontaneity, naturalness, vitality, creativity. 4. higher degree of autonomy: strong internal locus of control, not influenced by what people think 5. higher capacity for mutuality, intimacy and love. |
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Maslow's response to #3
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- Problem of motivation.
- Internal. - To be motivated to do anything higher, deficiency needs must first be met. |
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Skinner's response to #3
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- Problem of motivation.
- External (free will is an explanatory fiction which non-behaviorists use to describe behaviors for which there is no understood cause) - Because choosing to attend is choice, students lose notion of responsibility. |
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What is Maslow's hierarchy of human needs?
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A set of deficiency needs that must be met in order for organism to be motivated to achieve higher needs
1. physiological needs 2. safety/security needs - freedom from chaos and fear 3. need for love 4. need for self-respect, self-esteem, and respect from others |
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Maslow's suggestion to #3
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Set up sections where deficiency needs are met, e.g.:
- sections could be held later so students can sleep - sections could provide food so students are not hungry or thirsty |
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Skinner's suggestion to #3
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Reinforcement.
- e.g. point reward system. 5 extra credit points every time they come. - furthermore: variable ratio schedule. 5 extra credit points every certain number of sections. proven to sustain behavior for longest period of time. - or negative reinforcement: 10 points off after certain number of times. |
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What is Brewster-Smith's critique of self-actualization?
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- self-actualized sample is biased. Maslow elminiated people with gross pathology and only included "exceptional speciments" - white males with high IQs, only one female
- definition of self-actualization is rooted in Maslow's own implicit values - difficult to understand potentialities - how to measure? - notion of self is ambiguous, hard to understand, too nebulous - model is mechanical and linear - "if you meet all esteem needs, you can be self-actualized" when in fact it is impossible to be self-actualized |
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What is Maslow's response to Brewster-Smith?
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Redefines self-actualization as full use and exploitation of one's talents and potentialities
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Rogers' response to #5
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- Michael is experiencing his own actualizing tendency - inherent motivational system is seen in Michael's need to attend school, learn, and grow.
- What he wants/needs is something else - Regard for and need for approval from his parents has overridden his own organismic valuing process. - Acting in ways to gain approval from others rather than to do well for himself. - full potential does not involve becoming a doctor, it is part of self-concept. - aspires to achieve ideal self. - is moving away from his potential, and is moving toward dysfunctionality and rigidity. |
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Roger's suggestion to #5
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- Michael should adhere to his organismic valuing process
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What is the organismic valuing process?
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Flexible process describing organism's knowledge of what it wants/needs from moment to moment.
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What is the ideal self?
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Person's sense of what they would ultimately like to become.
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Maslow's response to #6
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- While going up ladder, motivated by self-esteem or being respected
- Need for safety/security is not being met, therefore, cannot reach higher functions |
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Roger's response to #6
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- Hypothesize that Ralph's ideal self differs from real self.
- Ideal self: adherence to sense of worth, being brave and courageous and getting love - Real self: more aligned with organismic valuing process - fear of heights, don't go bungee jumping |
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Vector drawing for #6?
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excitement and risk
moving upward - motivated by growth /| |\ | | | | | | | | \| |/ moving downward due to fear safety, security. |