Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Acetylcholine
|
excites/inhibits
|
|
|
norepinephrine
|
excites/inhibits
|
|
|
serotonin
|
generally inhibits
|
|
|
dopamine
|
generally excites
|
|
|
histamine
|
generally inhibitory
|
|
|
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
|
majority of post-synaptic INHIBITION in brain
|
|
|
Glycine
|
majority of post-synaptic INHIBITION in the spinal cord
|
|
|
glutamate and aspartate
|
excites
|
|
|
Endorphins and enkephalins
|
generally inhibits
|
|
|
Substance P
|
generally excites
|
|
|
Which neurotransmitters are monoamines?
|
norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, histamine
|
|
|
Which neurotransmitters are amino acids?
|
GABA, glycine, glutamate, and aspartate
|
|
|
Which neurotransmitters are neuropeptides?
|
endorphins, enkephalins, and substance P
|
|
|
What is the CNS?
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
What is the PNS?
|
cranial and spinal nerves
|
|
|
What are the divisions of the PNS?
|
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
|
|
|
What are the two divisions of the ANS?
|
sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
|
|
olfactory nerve
|
sensory: smell
|
|
|
optic nerve
|
sensory: vision
|
|
|
oculomotor nerve
|
motor: muscles of eye, eyelid, iris
|
|
|
trochlear nerve
|
motor: extraocular muscles
|
|
|
trigeminal nerve
|
both: sensory for mouth, nose, surface/eye, dura mater
motor for chewing |
|
|
abducens nerve
|
motor: lateral muscles of eye
|
|
|
facial nerve
|
both: motor for facial expression and lacrimal + salivary glands
sensory for anterior taste buds |
|
|
acoustic nerve
|
sensory: equilibrium and hearing
|
|
|
glossopharyngeal nerve
|
both: motor for pharynx and salivary glands
sensory for pharynx, post. taste buds, and pressure receptors of carotid arteries |
|
|
vagus nerve
|
both: motor for pharynx and (parasymp) smooth muscles of abdo. organs.
sensory for pharynx and viscera |
|
|
spinal accessory nerve
|
motor: for sternocleidomastoid, trapezius, soft palate, pharynx, and larynx muscles
|
|
|
hypoglossal nerve
|
motor: tongue
|
|
|
What is the dura mater?
|
the two outermost meninges of the brain. Dura mater is seperated from the arachnoid mater by subdural space.
|
|
|
What are the meninges and their dividing spaces?
|
(outside-in)
skull-epidural space- dura mater (2 layers)-subdural space-arachnoid mater-subarachnoid space-pia mater |
|
|
Where is CSF in the meninges?
|
in the subarachnoid space
|
|
|
What are the three types of neurons?
|
sensory (afferent), associational, and motor (efferent)
|
|
|
What composes the forebrain?
|
the cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon
|
|
|
What is the hindbrain?
|
the brain stem (pons, medulla oglongata, and cerebellum)
|
|
|
What is the midbrain?
|
corpora quadragemina, cerebral peduncles, and aqueduct of sylvius
|
|
|
What are the cerebral peduncles?
|
the red nucleus (receives ascending info from cerebellum), the substantia nigra (makes dopamine--dysfunction = Parkinson's or drugs), and the basis pedunculi (efferent spinal tracts)
|
|
|
What are functions of the frontal lobe?
|
concentration, short term memory, thought, inhibit limbic system, movement of eyes, lower limbs, lower face/throat, movement of torso, arm, middle hand.
*Broca's area* |
|
|
What is Broca's area?
|
An area on the frontal brain lobe (usually on left) associated with motor aspects of speech.
|
|
|
What is the extra-pyramidal system?
|
efferent pathways outside the pyramids of the medulla oblongata.
|
|
|
What are functions of the parietal lobe?
|
major somatic input, sensory/motor function
|
|
|
What are the functions of the occipital lobe?
|
primary visual and auditory cortexes
|
|
|
What are functions of the occipital lobe?
|
primary visual and auditory cortexes
Werniche's area: reception & interpretation of speech |
|
|
What are functions of the insula?
|
houses corpus callosum--connects two cerebral hemispheres
|
|
|
What are some functions of the limbic system?
|
primitive behaviors/emotions; eating and bio rhythm behaviors; smell
|
|
|
What is the thalamus?
|
major integrating center for afferent impulses going to the cerebral cortex
*exception: smell* |
|
|
What are some functions of the hypothalamus?
|
maintains constant internal temp;
control center of ANS implements behavioral patterns regulates emotional expression |
|
|
What are some functions of the midbrain?
|
visual and auditory movements (eyes follow moving object; turn head to hear)
synthesis of dopamine |
|
|
What are some functions of the cerebellum?
|
maintains ballance and posture
|
|
|
The __________is ipsilateral, while the _________ is contralateral.
|
cerebellum; cerebral cortex
|
|
|
What controls respiration?
|
the pons (also has CN V-VIII)
|
|
|
What controls basic reflex activities (HR, RR, BP, swallowing, e.g.)?
|
the medulla oblongata (also has CN IX-XII)
|
|
|
What are normal CSF pressures?
(norm ICP) |
5-15 mm/Hg or 60-180 mm/H2O
|
|
|
What is the gate-control theory of pain?
|
Small C fibers stimulate substantia gelatinosa cells, causing pain.
Large A fibers inhibit the gate. CNS regulates the gate as well/\. |
|
|
What is the circadian rhythm?
|
Daily flunctuations in temp., from activity, environment, and body. Usually = 0.2-0.5 degrees--highest around 6 p.m.
|
|
|
What are mechanisms of heat production?
|
metabolism, muscle contraction, and chemical thermogenesis.
|
|
|
What are mechanisms of heat loss?
|
radiation, conduction (molecule-molecule), convection (gas/liquid), vasodilation, <muscle tone, evaporation, >RR, voluntary modifications in activity and clothing, adaptation
|
|
|
Benefits of fever include:
|
kills pathogens
<Fe, Zinc, and Cu for bac. prevents viral replication >transport/lymphocytes (immune system) >phagocytosis |
|
|
confusion
|
loss of ability to think rapidly and clearly, and decision-making
|
|
|
diorientation
|
beginning LOC
first to time-then place-then memory-then self |
|
|
lethargy
|
limited movement/speech
easy arousal may/may not be disoriented |
|
|
obtundation
|
Mod. <arousal
limited response to enviro. falls asleep w/out stimulus |
|
|
stupor
|
deep sleep
needs vigorous stimuli to arouse response = withdrawal or grabbing |
|
|
coma
|
no verbal response
no motor movement from noxious stimuli |
|
|
light coma
|
purposeful movement with stim.
|
|
|
true coma
|
nonpurposeful movement only
|
|
|
deep coma
|
no movement whatsoever
|
|
|
normal breathing
|
after hyperventilation, individual has reg. RR but shallower breaths
|
|
|
posthyperventilation apnea
|
after hyperventialtion, breathing stops until PCO2 levels=normal
|
|
|
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
|
pattern of crescendo to hyperpnea, followed by decrease to apnea
then repeats to hyperpnea |
|
|
central neurogenic hyperventilation
|
deep, sustained, rapid hyperpnea--leads to respiratory alkalosis
|
|
|
apneusis
|
prolonged inspiratory "cramp"
|
|
|
cluster breathing
|
disordered sequence of breaths, with irregular pauses
|
|
|
ataxic breathing
|
completely irregular
rate is often slow |
|
|
gasping (agonal gasps)
|
"all-or-none" w/ slow rate
|
|
|
what is the sensory/discriminative pain system?
|
The actual nerve response...gives info on location, intensity, etc.
|
|
|
What is the motivational/affective pain system?
|
The learned response to pain...varies with culture, personality.
|
|
|
What is the cognitive/ evaluative pain system?
|
The person's intellectual ability to process event.
|
|
|
What are referred areas for liver pain?
|
right shoulder, below right scapula
|
|
|
What are referred areas for pancreas pain?
|
upper middle of spine
left mid-abdomen |
|
|
What are the four forms of accidental hyperthermia?
|
heat cramps
heat exhaustion heat stroke malignant hyperthermia |
|
|
What is the average length of one sleep cycle?
|
1-2 hours
|
|
|
What are parasomnias?
|
alterations in sleep patterns: somnoabulism, night terrors, enuresis
|
|
|
strabismus
|
disconjugate gaze due to muscle weakness in one eye
|
|
|
amblyopia
|
loss of acuity in one eye due to unknown reason or untreated strabismus--cerebral blockage of visual stimuli.
|
|
|
nystagmus
|
involuntary jerking of eye
|
|
|
scotoma
|
circumscribed central vision, noramlly in one eye--"blind spot"
|
|
|
cataract
|
cloudy or yellow cornea--decreased visual acuity.
associated with age, UV light |
|
|
myopia
|
near-sightedness--light rays meet before reaching optic disk
|
|
|
hyperopia
|
far-sightedness--light rays meet after reaching optic disk
|
|
|
What is normal intraocular pressure?
|
12-20 mm/Hg
|
|
|
confusion
|
loss of rapid/clear thinking; impaired judgment
|
|
|
disorientation
|
beginning LOC
first to time- then place- then self |
|
|
lethargy
|
limited spontaneous movement/speech; easy arousal; may/may not be disoriented
|
|
|
obtundation
|
mild reduction in arousal w/limited response to enviro.
falls asleep w/out stimulus; min. response to questions |
|
|
stupor
|
deep sleep/ unresponsive; needs vigorous stimuli to arouse; response is grabbing/ withdrawal
|
|
|
coma
|
no verbal response to any stimuli; noxious stimuli yield no motor response
*only non-purposeful movement* |
|
|
light coma
|
some purposeful movement with stimuli
|
|
|
deep coma
|
no response to any stimuli
|
|
|
5 categories of neuro function
|
1. level of consciousness
2. pattern of breathing 3. size and reaction of pupils 4. eye position and reflexive responses 5. skeletal muscle and motor responses |
|
|
What are some pathologic motor reflexes?
|
grasp hands; snout reflex; palmomental reflex; sucking
|
|
|
What is the decorticate response?
|
flexion of arms, wrists, and fingers, with adduction to chest. Extension, internal rotation, and plantar flexion of lower extremities.
|
|
|
What is the decerebrate response?
|
all four extremities in rigid extension-- hyperpronation of forearms, plantar extension of feet.
|
|
|
What is cerebral death?
|
irreversible coma--vegetative state, MCS, lock-in syndrome.
No goal oriented behavior. Homeostasis can usually be maintained independently. |
|
|
What is brain death?
|
brain stem death--no independent homeostasis. No life w/out a ventilator.
|
|
|
What is agnosia?
|
failure to recognize form/nature of objects.
can be: tactile (cannot ID with feel) spatial (cannot find way around home/familiar area) agraphia (cannot write) |
|
|
What is dysphasia?
|
impairment of the comprehension/ production of language
|
|
|
What is aphasia?
|
inability to produce/comprehend language
|
|
|
What is delirium?
|
very sudden acute confusional state--restless inability to concentrate; insomnia; unpleasant dreams.
Can be due to psycho. prob. |
|
|
What is dementia?
|
progressive loss of more than one cognitive function. No specific treatment; no recovery.
|
|
|
What are diseases that can affect ICP?
|
herniation; hemorrhagic stroke; tumor; hematoma; hydrocephalus; cerebral edema.
|
|
|
What are ratings on the Glasgow Coma Scale?
|
13-15= minor
9-12= moderate <8= severe |
|
|
hypotonia
|
< muscle tone
|
|
|
hypertonia
|
> muscle tone
can be spastic (>DTRs) or rigidity |
|
|
hypokenesia
|
< spontatneous voluntary movement
paresis/plegia |
|
|
hyperkinesia/dyskinesia
|
excessive movements--Parkinson's, e.g.
|
|
|
akinesia
|
lack of movement
|
|
|
bradykinesia
|
very slow movement
|
|
|
contusions
|
usually from closed, blunt trauma.
compression of brain leads to bleeding and bruising--due to tearing of small blood vessels. Can be minor to severe |
|
|
hematoma
|
injury to arteries that bridge brain.
Can be minor to severe--based on number of vessels affected. Can=herniation of ventricle` |
|
|
concussion
|
closed head trauma, w/ or w/out LOC;
disorientation, headache, N/V, FATIGUE |
|
|
Post-Concussive syndrome
|
can last up to 1 year
Irritability, mood changes, lack of concentration, fatigue. |
|
|
spondylolysis
|
degeneration of vertebral column, especially in lumbar area
|
|
|
spondyloisthesis
|
sliding forward of vertebral column--generally in low back
|
|
|
spinal stenosis
|
narrowing of spinal canal--trouble bending down
|
|
|
What is the generic diagnosis for DDDs and DJDs?
|
low back pain
|
|
|
herniated intervertebral disk
|
herniation of disk leads to compression of vertebra, compression of spinal column.
|
|
|
sciatica
|
nerve irritation in sciatic nerve
|
|
|
neuropathy/radiculopathy
|
motor impairment due to compressed/injured nerve(s)
|
|
|
thrombotic stroke
|
arteries supplying brain occluded by thrombi from arterial occlusions
|
|
|
Transient Ischemic Attack
|
a temporary thrombotic stroke: S/S last only 24 hrs.
|
|
|
stoke in evolution
|
thrombotic stroke that is occurring at admittance
|
|
|
completed stroke
|
all damage to brain has occured
|
|
|
embolic stroke
|
a thrombotic type stroke, due to emboli from other areas of body
*often recur* |
|
|
what are some causes of embolic stroke?
|
atrial fibrillation, MI, valvualr prosthesis, rheumatic HD, disorders of veins/arteries
|
