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178 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Salivary Amylase breaksdown:
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Carbohydrates
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4 kcalories/gram
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Carbohydrates & Proteins
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9 kcalories/gram
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Fat
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7 kcalories/gram
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Alcohol
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Glucose is transported into cells using which transporter?
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GLUT transporters
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Digestion of carbohydrates begins in the:
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mouth through the activity of salivary amylase.
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Protein digestion starts in the:
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stomach.
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Lipid digestion begins in the:
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mouth with assistance of ligual lipases.
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DRI
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dietary reference intakes
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EAR
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estimate average requirement
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RDA
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Recommended dietary allowance
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AI
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Adequate Intake
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UL
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Tolerable Upper Intake Level
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If a population consumed the estimate average requirement for Vitamin B1, what percent of the population would be deficient in B1?
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50%
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List the macronutrients.
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Carbohdyrates, proteins, & fats
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What is the engery density of fat?
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9 kcalories / gram
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If a serving of milk contains about 300 mg of calcium and is equal to 85 kcalories what is the nutrient density of milk?
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3.5 mg of calcium per kcalorie
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List examples of empty kcalorie foods?
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Soda, high-fructose beverages, and etc.
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What factors dictate food choice?
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personal perference
habit ethnic heritage convenience emotional comfort values body weight and image health benefits |
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What is the DRI for all the macronutrients?
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Carbohydrate = 45-65%
Fat = 20-35% Protein = 10-35% (0.8 g/kg of body weight/day) |
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Is the amount of trans fatty acids required on food labels?
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YES!
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The percent of daily intakes of nutrients found on food labels is based on:
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the RDA value of given nutrients.
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What does the word "reduced fat" mean?
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25% less fat compared to the original product.
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If a product contains the words "sugar free" what does it mean?
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It means that the product has less than 5 kal/serving.
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Atikins Diet
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Low carbohdyrate diet
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Problems associated with the Atkins diet?
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Increase risk of heart disease, fatigue, weakness, and irritability.
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Blood type diet
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is based primarily on a persons blood type.
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Protein Power
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High protein / low carbohydrates
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South beach diet
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It utilizes the glycemic index of food. Typically fruits and vegetables are eliminated.
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Sugar Busters
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NO sugar
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Dr. Dean Ornish diet program:
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has been scientifically shown to reverse atherosclerotic plaque formation.
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Bioavailability is defined as:
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the availability of a vitamin in the intestines versus the amount absorbed.
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What are some factors that affect bioavailability?
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1. digestion/absorption
2. food-nutrient interaction 3. food preparation 4. nutrient source (natural vs. synthetic) |
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What are the three forms of vitamin A?
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Retinol, Retinal, & Reinoic acid
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Vitamin A foods
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Liver, dark green leafy vegetables, yellow-orange vegetables, fruit and fortified foods.
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Functions of Vitamin A
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Vision, Reproduction, immune function, cell proliferation, and cell signaling
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Vitamin A is absorbed in the diet as:
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retyinyl esteres
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Night blindness
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A deficiency of vitamin A
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Xerophthalmia
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A deficiency of vitamin A
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Keratomalacia
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A deficiency of vitamin A
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Vitamin A toxicity
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1. Teratogenic
2. liver disease 3. dryness 4. erythema 5. hair loss 6. headache 7. vomiting 8. skin peeling |
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Does sunscreen decrease the bodies ability to synthesize vitamin D?
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YES
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What factors are responsible for a decrease in vitamin D synthesis?
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obesity, aging, and a dietary deficiency.
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Significant sources of vitamin D include:
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fatty fish, milk, milk based products, and fortified foods.
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Rickets disease
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A deficiency of vitamin D
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Osteomalacia
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A deficiency of vitamin D
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Hypocalcemia can be caused by:
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a deficiency in vitamin D
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Vitamin D Toxicity symptoms
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hypercalcemia
hyperphosphatemia calcification of bones constipation polyuria kidney stones |
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Tocopherols
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Vitamin E
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(True or False) Vitamin E is an antioxidant.
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True
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Significant foods sources of vitamin E include:
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oils, salad dressings, mayonnaise, and nuts.
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(True or False) Deficiencies in Vitamin E are rare.
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True
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(True or False) Vitamin E is transferred across the placenta.
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False, Vitamin E is inadequately transferred across the placenta.
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(True or False) Vitamin K is responsible for assisting in the coagulation pathway.
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True
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Significant food sources of vitamin K include:
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Green vegetables, kale, collards, spinach, parsley, broccoli and letuce.
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(True or False) Newborns are typically deficient in vitamin K.
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True
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What laboratory tests can be used to assess vitamin K status?
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Prothrombin time or plasma/serum concentrations of phylloquinone (vitamin K).
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What are the fat soluble vitamins?
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A, D, E & K
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What are the water soluble vitamins?
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All the B vitamins and vitamin C
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Thiamin can be typically found in which foods?
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pork,nuts, legumes, fortified cereals, and whole wheat
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(True or False) Thiamin is temperature sensentitive.
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True
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Thiamin-megaloblastic anemia is responsible is caused by:
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a deficiency in the thiamin transporter (SLC19A2)
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Beriberi
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Thiamin deficiency
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Necrotizing encephalomyelopathy
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Thiamin Deficiency
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Thiamin deficiency symptoms includes:
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1. mental confusion
2. ataxia 3. tachycardia 4. edema 5. peripheral paralysis 6. cyanosis |
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What labs would you order if you suspected a thiamin deficiency?
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1. Erythrocyte transketolase test
2. blood & urinary levels of thiamin 3. pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate levels |
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Vitamin B2
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Riboflavin
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Significant sources of Riboflavin include:
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milk, milk products, meats, liver, and fortified grains.
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Ariboflavinosis
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Riboflavin deficiency
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Riboflavin deficiency symptoms include:
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skin lesions, segorrhic dermatitis, photophobia, cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, anema, neuropathy, and stunted growth
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If you suspected ariboflavinosis what laboratory test would you request?
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1. Glutathione reductase activity
2. urinary excretion of riboflavin 3. Riboflavin concentrations in RBC's |
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Which vitamin can be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan?
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Niacin
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Significant sources of Niacin include:
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meats, poultry, fish, legumes, and fortified grains
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Niacin is absorped in the:
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small intestines
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(True or False) Most of Niacin is excreted in urine.
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False, Niacin is reabsorbed in the kidneys and very little is excreted.
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Pellagra
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Niacin deficiency
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A corn based diet may result in:
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a deficiency in Niacin, because corn contains very little tryptophan and niacin in corn is unaccessible.
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Niacin Deficiency symptoms include:
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GI problems, wekaness, lassitude, anorexia, indigestion, dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia.
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Niacin Flush:
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is caused by niacin toxicities.
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Food sources of Biotin include:
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liver, baker's yeast, wheat and eggs.
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Biotin deficiencies results in the following symptoms:
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dermatitis, alopecia, hypotonia, ataxia, and developmental delay.
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Pantothenic acid is required in the diet for:
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fatty acid synthesis
ketone body synthesis oxidation of pyruvate amino acid metabolism |
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Dietary sources of pantothenic acid include:
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fish, poultry, milk, milk based products, legumes, seeds, and potatoes.
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(True or False) A pantothenic acid deficiency is rate.
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True
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Seborrheic dermatitis, microcytic anemia, epileptiform convulsions, depression, and confusion are symptoms of:
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Vitamin B 6 deficiency
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(True or False) Supplements of Vitamin B6 have a higher bioavailability than food sources.
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True
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(True or False) Vitamin B6 may reach toxic levels when a person is taking a supplement.
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True
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Vitamin B6 toxicity symptoms include:
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Depression, fatigue, irritability, headache, nerve damage, and skin lesions.
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If you suspect a patient is suffering from a vitamin B6 deficiency what laboratory test would you request?
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1. Plasma PLP test
2. RBC Asparate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase activities |
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Megablastic anemia due to pregnancy is caused by:
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a deficiency in folic acid.
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List foods that contain folic acid?
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green leafy vegetables, legumes, and fortified foods.
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(True of False) The bioavailability of folic acid from supplements is higher than for natural foods.
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True
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(True or False) Folic acid is responsible for the biochemical mechanism of one carbon transfer reactions.
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True
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Spina bifida:
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was decreased by increasing the amount of folic acid in the diet.
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RDA for folic acid during pregnancy
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600 ug of folic acid/day (400 ug from supplement & 200 ug from food)
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pernicious anemia
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Vitamin B12 deficiency
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Significant sources of vitamin B12 in the diet include:
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milk, milk products, seafood, fortified grains.
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(True or False) Vitamin C is a reducing agent.
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True
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Signifiant food sources of vitamin C include:
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fruits and vegetables (cantaloupe, kiwi, strawberries, lemons, oranges, broccoli, red pepper, cauliflower, spinach, tomatoes, brussels sprouts, asparagus, and fortified foods)
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Scurvy
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Vitamin C deficiency
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Vitamin C increases the absorption of __________.
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Iron
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Nutritional assessment can be used for which types of patients?
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overweight patients, underweight, patients with chronic disease, infants, children, low income patients, geriatric patients, and patients that consume non-traditional diets.
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Anthropometrics includes:
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height, weight, BMI, waist circumference and percent body fat.
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Biochemical data includes:
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laboratory test like Albumin, ferritin, prealbumin, and total protein.
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Clinical signs includes
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skin, hair, eyes, neck, thorax, abdomen, and etc.
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Diet Assessment is:
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an assessment of a patient's diet.
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%UBW
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(Current Weight/Normal Weight) X 100
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Significant sources of sodium in American's diet?
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Processed foods
Salt shaker Natural foods |
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The DASH diet
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A dietary approach to stop hypertension restricts sodium to less than 2.5 g/day and has been clinically shown to reduce hypertension.
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Significant sources of Potassium include:
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fresh fruits, vegetables, meats, and milk products.
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Absorption of calcium occurs in which organ?
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Small intestines
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(True or False) Calcium absorption occurs in basic environments.
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False, acidic enviornments
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Name the two types of calcium supplements?
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calcium carbonate & calcium citrate
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List the dietary sources of calcium?
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dark green vegetables, sardines, clams, milk, fortified foods
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(True or False) Excessive fiber consumption impedes calcium absorption.
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True
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(True or False) Iron supplements and calcium supplements should be taken at the same time.
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False, Calcium impedes the absorption of iron and therefore should be taken at different times during the day.
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Phosphorus absorption occurs in which area of the small intestines?
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the proximal portion of the duodenum
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The largest absorption of magnesium occurs in which region of the small intestines?
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the jejunum
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(True or False) Vitamin C increases the absorption of Iron.
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True
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Iron is typically found in what food items?
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liver, seafood, meat, egg yolks, and iron skillets.
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Which vegetable is primarily deficient in iron?
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Corn
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What typically causes iron induced anemia?
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injury, hemorhage, ilness (parasites), lack of iron in the diet, and being a female athlete.
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Zince absorption is increased by what?
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1. glucose/lactose
2. soy protein 3. red wine |
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Zinc deficiency
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short stature, hypogonadims, hypogeusia, delayed wound healing, alopecia, altered immune function.
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Goiter
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is caused by an iodine deficiency
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Iodine is found in which major food item?
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salt
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What is the risk factors of being obese and being pregnant?
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1) Obesity is linked to 1st term miscarriages
2) Obesity is linked to increased risk of caesarean 3) obesity is linked to childhood obesity. |
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Critical Period
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is the first 17-30 days after egg fertilization.
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The protein needs during pregnancy
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1.1 g / kg of body weight/day
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The energy needs during the 2nd trimester
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an extra ~340 kcal/day
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The energy needs during the 3rd trimester
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an extra ~ 450 kcal/day
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The RDA for folic acid during pregnancy
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600 ug/day
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Can Iron needs be met by diet alone during pregnancy?
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NO, the amount of iron needed during pregnancy is greater than the amount provided by food alone.
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Pica
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The consumption of non-nutritious foods like glue, cardboard, ice, coal, dirt, and etc.
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Pica often results in:
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iron deficiency
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What are risk factors for iron deficiency?
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1. Race (African American)
2. Living in Rural area 3. Pica |
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If a woman has a BMI of 23 approximately how much weight should she gain during pregnancy?
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25-35 lbs
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(True or False) Alcohol should be avoided during pregnancy.
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True, alcohol can cause fetal alcohol syndrome.
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(True of False) Caffeine is completly safe during pregnancy.
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False, recent research has shown that caffeine can cause spontaneous abortions particular in the first trimester.
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What molecule commonly found in mackerel, tilefish, & swordfish should be avoided during pregnancy?
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Methyl Mercury
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What B vitamin has been shown to reduce or eliminate nausea and vomiting problems associated with pregnancy?
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Vitamin B6
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How many more calories are recommended during lactation?
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500/day
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How many calories is required to synthesize approximately 100 ml of breast milk?
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About 85 calories.
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A 9 pound baby boy was born five months ago, approximately how much should the baby weight today during his infant checkup?
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18 lbs
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How much sunlight is recommended to meet the body's need of vitamin D.
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Approximately 30 min/week without clothes or 2 hrs/week with clothes.
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(True or False) Breast feeding decreases a person risk of being obese later in life.
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True
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(True or False) Cow's milk should be avoided prior to 1 year of age.
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True
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Milk induced anemia
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is caused by the consumption of milk prior to 1 year of age.
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Lactoferrin
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an iron binding protein found in breast milk.
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Which nutrients are not supplied by the breast milk?
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Vitmain D and Fluoride
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What is the minimum age infants can consume solid foods?
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4-6 months
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A 6-year-old child should consume approximately how many kcalories?
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about 2/3 of a normal adult diet or 1333 calories
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(True or False) The RDA for calcium for adolescents is increased from 1000 mg to 1300 mg/day.
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True
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Sarcopenia
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Loss of muscle mass
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(True of False) Energy needs decrease with age.
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True by about 20%.
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(True or False) Vitamin B12 deficiency is common in patients with atrophic gastritis.
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True
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An inadequate antioxidant intake is mostly caused by:
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a poor intake of fruits and vegetables.
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List some of the comorbidities associated with obesity?
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Asthma, Diabetes, Heart disease, Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and etc.
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BMI
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Weight in kg / height in meters squared=
kg/m2 |
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BMI of 32
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Obese
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BMI of 18.4
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Underweight
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BMI 24
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Normal
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BMI 26
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Overweight
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BMI of 40
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Morbid obesity
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BMI 50
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Super Morbid obesity
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How many excess calories does it take to gain 1 lb of body fat?
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Approximately 3, 555 excess calories
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List the treatment options for treating obesity?
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1. DIetary approaches
2. Altered physical activity 3. behavior therapy 4. pharmacotherapy 5. surgery 6. combination therapy |
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List some goals for trying to get your patients to loose weight?
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1. Try to achieve a weight loss of 1-2 pounds per week
2. Set a goal of 10% from baseline 3. Cut calories by about 500 calories per day |
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Saw Palmetto
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Used to treat enlarged prostate, prostate cancer, hair loss, and underactive bladder.
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St. John's Wort
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Depression
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Niacin
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High Cholesterol & Pellagra
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Omega 3 Fatty acids
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Hypertension, CVD, & high TG
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Cranberry
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Urinary tract infections
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Echinacea
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is thought to treat colds, but very little research has shown beneficial results.
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Red Yeast Rice
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High Cholesterol, CVD, & Diabetes
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Uva Ursi
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Cystitis
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If a woman had a BMI of 18.5 how much weight should she gain during her first trimester?
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5 lbs
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If a woman had a BMI of 26 how much weight should she gain during her first trimester?
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2 lbs
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