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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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social norms
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rules that regulate human life, including social conventions, explicit laws, and implicit cultural standards
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role
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a given social position that is governed by a set of norms for proper behavior
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entrapment
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a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort
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group think
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in close-knit groups, the tendency for all members to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress dissent
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generational identity
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the age range between 16 and 24 that represents the style and values of an adolescent's generation
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diffusion of responsibility
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in organized or anonymous groups, the tendency of members to avoid taking responsibility for actions or decisions because they assume that others will do so
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deindividuaition
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in group or crowds, the loss of awareness of one's own individuality and the abdication of mindful action
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altruism
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the willingness to take selfless or dangerous action on behalf of others
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social cognition
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an area in social psychology concerned with social influences on thought, memory, perception, and other cognitive processes
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attribution theory
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the theory that people are motivated to explain their own and others' behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a situation or a disposition
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situational attributions
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when we identify the use of an action as something in the situation or environment
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dispositional attributions
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when we identify the cause of an action as something in the person
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency, in explaining other people's behavior, to overestimate the influence of personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation
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self-serving bias
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the tendency, in explaining one's own behavior, to take credit for one's good actions and rationalize one's mistakes
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just-world hypothesis
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the notion that many people need to believe that the world is fair and justice is served; that bad people are punished and good people are rewarded
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blaming the victim
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a justification I which someone is victimized because they did something to provoke it
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validity effect
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the tendency of people to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times
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coercive persuasion
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a persuasion technique quite similar to brainwashing
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need for achievement
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a learned motive to meet personal standards of success and excellence in a chosen area
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thematic apperception test
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a personality test that asks respondents to interpret a series of drawings showing ambiguous scenes of people; scored for various motives such as the needs for achievement, affiliation, or power
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incentive pay
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bonuses that are given upon the completion of a goal rather than as an automatic raise
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glass ceiling
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a barrier to promotion that is so subtle as to be transparent, yet strong enough to prevent advancement
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culture
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a program of shared rules that govern t=he behavior of members of a community or society, and a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most people of that community
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cultural psychologists
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psychologists who study the ways in which people are affected by the culture in which they live
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cross-cultural psychologists
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psychologists who compare members of different societies, searching for both their commonalities and their distinctive differences
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body language
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the nonverbal signals of body movement, posture, gesture, and gaze that people constantly express
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conversational distance
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how close people normally stand to one another when they are speaking
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monochromic culture
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cultures in which time is organized sequentially; schedules and deadlines are valued over people
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polychromic culture
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cultures in which time is organized horizontally; people tend to do several things at once and value relationships over schedules
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collectivist culture
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cultures in which the self is embedded in relationships, and who value group harmony over individual freedom
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individualist culture
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cultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others
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social identity
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the part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nations, culture, or ethnic group or with gender roles or other roles in society
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ethnic identity
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a person's identification with a religious or ethnic group
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acculturation
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the process by which members of groups that are minorities in a given society comes to identify with and feel part of the mainstream culture
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bicultural
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when a person has strong ties to both their ethnicity and to the larger culture
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assimilation
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when people have weak feelings of ethnicity but a strong sense of acculturation
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ethnic separatists
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when people have a strong sense of ethnic identity but a weak sense of acculturation
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marginal
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when people are connected to neither their ethnicity nor the dominant culture
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culture-free tests
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tests that are nonverbal to accommodate various cultural responses
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culture-fair tests
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tests that incorporate knowledge and skills common to many different cultures
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stereotype threats
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a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative stereotypes about his or her group's abilities
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sex
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refers to a person's anatomical identification
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gender
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the duties, rights, and behaviors a culture considers appropriate or inappropriate for males and females
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production
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matters pertaining the economy and the creation of food, clothing, and shelter
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reproduction
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matters pertaining to the bearing, raising, and maturing of children
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cultures of honor
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a culture in which apparently small disputes and trivial insults put a man's reputation for toughness on the line, requiring him to respond with violence to restore his status
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ethnocentrism
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the belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion, is superior to all others
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us-them thinking
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when two groups perceive themselves to be in competition
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stereotype threats
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a summary impressions of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits
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prejudice
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consists of a negative stereotype and a strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group its individual members
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symbolic racism
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when one group focuses not on dislike of another group but on societal stereotypes
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implicit prejudice
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prejudice that is nonconscious, automatic, and unintentional, and hence a true measure of a person's "real" prejudice
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implicit association
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a test which taps into people's unconscious associations between a stimulus and its degree of pleasantness or unpleasantness
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contact hypothesis
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in an effort to reduce prejudice, both groups must have opportunities to work and socialize together
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