1st century BC

meddle up an art history timeline if a statue is not properly dated to the correct era. This is case the regarding the Piombino Apollo, a statue found at sea in 1832 with a complex history of study where it eventually made its way to the Louvre Museum in Paris, France. The statue looks extremely archaic, like a kouros, but some more advanced stylistic evidence on the statue contradict the earlier claim regarding an archaic date and places it in a later Hellenistic one. The problematic relationship with another Statue of Apollo found at Pompeii and dates to the 1st century BC, question the date of manufacture even more. Art historians and scholars attempt to find sufficient evidence to date the Piombino Apollo to its proper era while taking into account the striking similarities between the two sculptures. However, with recent scholarly conclusions, most art historians agree to date the Piombino Apollo to the first century BCE within the Hellenistic world. Little is actually known about the history of the Piombino Apollo, other than when it was found in 1832. Yet even that date is disputed, just like the manufacture date in the ancient world. Some sources state that 1812 is the correct date when the statue was found (Ridgway 1967: 43). In Ridgway’s footnotes, he comments that two authors, E. Loewy and Ritcher, believe the date to be 1812 because of the cleaned state of the statue in 1832 after it was apparently pulled out of the sea (Ridgeway 1967: 43). Regardless of…

In the play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar there are many different characters all having different parts. Each of the four main character has their own big part in the story, and each have different sides to them. Each character has a different part, either killing Caesar of giving pay back to the killers. The four main characters in the play are Julius Caesar, Marc Antony, Marcus Brutus, and Mr. Cassius. It could be said that each of the characters in the play could be change the name of the…

Notes Summary Source Criticism • Women had little to no authority and weren 't treated as equals in 1st century Palestine • A women 's status and freedom was severely limited by Jewish law and custom • They were considered inferior and subordinate to men • There is no wisdom in a woman except with the spindle" (bYom. 66b) • Men had complete control over their wife and their daughter until she got married establishing their activities and their relationships that they were involved in • Women…

Mithraism contains elements of Hellenistic cosmology but the complexity of this relationship remains unclear as there exists a limited selection of primary sources detailing this masculine cult. There is no surviving text detailing the myth of Mithras making it difficult to discern and understand Mithraic culture and its perspective of Hellenistic cosmology. What has survived includes the tauroctony, an iconic depiction of Mithras wearing a Phrygian cap slitting the throat of a bull with one…

fairly homogenous throughout the city-states as well, with an infantry formed from hoplites, and in the fifth century and later, a navy. However, in regards to Athenian…

How can you determine one great polis more important from another? In the late fourth century, Athenian philosophers began to immerge bringing with them the idea of educating “the whole person. Sparta, on the other hand, still only focused on education for the military. Along with Sparta only concern being the military, they also do not have a steady economy. Athens, however, was very steady regarding economics. Also, in Athens, we see a happy and enjoyable social environment. Around the 4th…

Aristophanes was a Greek playwright living in Athens during the Peloponnesian War whose comedies typically satirized the democracy and society. He wrote the comedy “The Acharnians” to establish the problems with the democracy leading Athens. He believes a successful democracy in Athens could only be possible if the troubles damaging the democracy were fixed. For Aristophanes, democracy in Athens is possible if greed is eliminated, equality achieved, and empathy developed because these three…

Curiosity killed the cat is a common cliché alluding to a negative connotation for questioning. However, everyone dies so is questioning really an awful thing? To the Athenians against Socrates, yes, but Socrates opinion is the exact opposite. Things must be questioned , but the intention for questioning is equally as important. This is where people may have been confused with Socrates which lead to his indictment. Indeed, Socrates claim is true and with the right intentions, it has the…

While Greece had many forms of government (which also reflects their need not to gravitate to one extreme in terms of government), the Greeks are commonly known for the origination of Democracy, in Athens. The Athenian government was reformed many times until the 5th century, when they reached a form of democracy that fully represented all Athenian citizens. They were pushed to do so both from their appreciation of human nature, and their value of the middle class. In a writing by Aristotle…

Therefore it would make logical sense, considering the mass conversion to Christianity that followed the emperor Constantine much later than the documentation here, that Christian views and beliefs shaped an extremely large amount of the modern concepts that exist in the world today. It is important to note the context in which early Christian writer Paul spoke of homoeroticism, particularly in his letter to the Romans, which is argued by sociologist Jeramy Townsley to not really be about…