Cerebrospinal fluid

Introduction It has been a puzzling question in fluid mechanics for quite some time as to why golf balls are designed with dimples. In the 1800’s it was discovered that a ball with scuffs in it flew through the air more consistently than a smooth golf ball.6 Manufacturers started incorporating patterns to golf balls to try and find which gave a more stable and reliable flight pattern. In the 1900’s it was determined that the strategic placement of indentations maximizes lift while minimizing…

A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress. A simplified definition is that it is a substance that is able to flow smoothly and changes it’s shaped when a force is acted upon it. There are different types of fluids. Ideal Fluids and Newtonian as examples. An ideal fluid is a substance that has zero viscosity and is considered to be incompressible (density is constant). [2] In reality, there is no such thing as ideal fluids as there are always viscous…

change the curvature in transition, the boundary zone of the retarded liquid expands rapidly. Its impact on velocity distributions which become highly uneven with corresponding large values of energy coefficient (α) & momentum coefficient () and fluid flow may fail completely to flow the channel walls. Several experimental studies carried out before to find out the losses in the abrupt expansion (Hinds 1928; Formica, 1955; Smith and Yu, 1966; Mazumdar, 1967; Nashta and Garde, 1988). The…

Two computation cases were introduced, one with a polyurethane graft and another with a silicon rubber graft. The computations were done under a pulsatile flow. Both cases were computed under maximum peak pressure as mentioned in the method section. The flow volume rate is expressed by integrating on surface as followed: Q=∬_A^ ▒v.dA (5) By integrating flow volume rate in time…

Thermal dispersion mass flow meters, often called thermal mass flow meters, rely on the transmission of heat from a body to a gas flow. Inside the flow meter sensor head, a heated resistance thermometer (RTD) is electronically compared with an unheated RTD sensor. As a gas passes the heated RTD, heat is transferred from this sensor to the gas, and hence the RTD is cooled, thereby reducing the temperature difference between the two sensors. Heat transfer from the RTD to the process gas is based…

2.3 Computational fluid dynamics Computational fluid dynamics or commonly abbreviated as CFD is the branch of fluid dynamics which is applied to simulate fluid flow, heat transfer, and associated phenomena such as chemical reactions by the numerical solution of the governing equations to analyze complex flows system such as complex turbulent flow (Versteeg and Malalasekera, 1995). Therefore, CFD has often been provided as the tool for testing of conditions which are not possible or difficult…

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is aerofoil? Aerofoil is a large stucture which is attached to the airplane. It has curved surfaces designed to give required ratio of lift and drag. It helps to create different aeodynamic forces. The force perpendicular to the motion of aeofoil is lift force. The force parallel to the motion of aerofoil is drag force. 1.2 How it works? Aerofoil consists of following components: • Suction surface • Pressure surface • Leading edge • Tailing edge •…

longer the depth of immersion L smaller the thermometric error Lower the thermal conductivity of the well material the smaller the thermometric error Smaller the emmissivity of the well and hence the h_R smaller the thermometric error Larger the fluid velocity and hence the h smaller the thermometric error Example 5.5 Air at a temperature of 100 °C is flowing in a tube of diameter 10 cm at an average velocity of 0.5 m⁄s. The tube walls are at a temperature of 90 °C. A thermometer well of…

Vertical dimension (VD) defined in the Glossary of Prosthodontic Terms as "The distance between two selected anatomic or marked points”. Occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) defined as "The distance between two selected anatomic points when in maximal inter-cuspal position”.(1) The OVD is determined by the repetitive contracted length of the elevator muscles which sets the jaw-to-jaw relationship.(2) During growth and development OVD affected by three factors: Growth of the ramus, gonial angle of…

Again for the ease of installation and deployment one must consider size constraints. 2.2.4 Tip speed ratio (λ) The tip speed ratio or TSR for the turbines is the ratio between the rotational speed of the tip of a blade and the actual velocity of the fluid. The tip speed ratio is related to efficiency. Higher tip speeds result in higher noise levels and require stronger blades due to large centrifugal forces. It is given by λ =ωR/U (2.3) Whereω is the angular velocity, R is the radius of the…