Cholinergic

Cancer is one of the most life-threatening diseases requiring a lot of development in cures and preventative therapies. A wide variety of anticancer drugs including those that directly or indirectly act on the cells causing cell death have been developed,. Nowadays, natural products have received increasing attention for their potential as novel cancer preventive and therapeutic agents [1,2]. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common causes of mental deterioration in elderly people. It is a progressive degenerative neurological disorder resulting in impaired memory and behavior. Several studies proposed that the degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and the associated loss cholinergic neurotransmission in the cerebral…

“When a person inhales smoke from a cigarette, nicotine is distilled from the tobacco and carried in the smoke particles into the lungs, where it is absorbed rapidly into the pulmonary venous circulation. It then enters the arterial circulation and moves quickly to the brain. Nicotine diffuses readily into brain tissue, where it binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels. When a cholinergic agonist binds to the outside of the channel, the channel…

(RAS)[1]. It is located in the mesencephalic tegmentum just caudal to the red nucleus and dorsal to the substantia nigra; Laterally it is surrounded by the medial lemniscus and medially by fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle[2]. PPTN has a cluster of cells that exhibit a wide heterogeneity in terms of their neurochemical nature, their discharge properties, and their connectivity[3]. Based upon this heterogeneity, the human PPTN has been subdivided into two divisions: 1) Pars dissipata,…

The indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are the group of drugs that are prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. They work by reversibly blocking acetylcholinesterase at the synaptic cleft. This blocking allows the accumulation of ACh released from the nerve endings and leads to increased and prolonged stimulation of ACh receptor sites at all of the postsynaptic cholinergic sites (Karch, 2013). These indirect-acting cholinergic agonists cross the blood-brain barrier and mostly…

Neural Regulation, EC Coupling, and Second Messenger System involvement with Bronchial Smooth Muscle Contraction and Relaxation Abstract Smooth muscles in human airways have multiple pathways for excitation and contraction. Both electrical and chemical signals regulate bronchial smooth muscle excitation. Bronchial smooth muscle is innervated by parasympathetic cholinergic nerves for contractile forces and by parasympathetic noncholinergic nerves for relaxant forces. Specifically, cholinergic…

by progressive and irreversible degeneration of the neurons from specific regions of the brain. The pattern of neuronal loss is selective and compromises one or more groups of neurons, without affecting the others. An interesting aspect of these dementias is them arise without any apparent triggering stimulus and in patients with no history of neurological deficits. Alzheimer’s disease is the most prominent of these dementias, accounting for 60-80% of total dementia cases worldwide. The…

To understand the collapse of the heart, first, the heart rate must be well understood. The heart rate in a fish is a combination of the intrinsic heart rate and the extrinsic modulations that act on it, such as excitatory adrenergic stimulations and inhibitory cholinergic stimulations (Nilsson, 1983). With the hypothesis that intrinsic heart rate might be the limiting factor, many have attempted to study the intrinsic cardiac functioning to further the understanding of the mechanical properties…

Inhibiting AChE increases the availability of ACh in the synaptic cleft, which is a neurotransmitter involved in the production of cholinergic neurons. By inhibiting the breakdown of ACh, Galantamine binds competitive and reversibly to AChE especially in the frontal cortex and hippocampus portions of the brain. These two regions are the most affected portions of the brain affected in those with Alzheimer’s disease. The numbers of nAChRs directly affect or modulate cholinergic neurons and other…

Subjects were placed in heated water & wrapped in thermal blankets with the purpose of elucidating the connection between an increase in skin & core temperatures & an increase in sympathetic neural activity. This study also sought to determine if localised cooling of the hand triggered a local or systemic response. This study sought out to test several hypotheses; It was hypothesized that healthy humans subjected to heat stress will experience increased cholinergic & adrenergic activity,…

Alzheimer’s disease itself and other dementias such as Parkinson’s disease and multiple sclerosis, with the most frequent cause resulting from stroke (Nyenhuis & Gorelick, 1998). However, there are combinations of pathological features specific to vascular dementia such as microinfarction, diffuse white matter disease, and perivascular change and neurodegenerative changes, amyloid angiopathy, and perivascular lesions (Kalaria 2002). There has also been evidence that the cognitive decline seen in…