Enantiomer

of a molecule to exist in two no superimposable images called enantiomers. This means that achirality is the opposite, in which molecule is superimposable on its mirror image. When two molecules are related in the fact that they are stereoisomers of each other, but are not mirror images. In nature chiral molecules do not exist in their enantiomerically pure form of R or S, but rather is a mixture that can be leaning towards one enantiomer or the other. When this mixture is a 50-50 mix of R and S…

Hello National Institute of Health, As you may know, Thalidomide can be a life-saving drug in certain cases such as Cancer and Leprosy however, this is only done in the case of absolute emergencies due to the very serious side effects it causes such as limb malformation and birth defects. The reason Thalidomide can simultaneously have such positive and negative effects will make more sense once we understand the mechanism for the acid hydrolysis of thalidomide. Initially thalidomide will be…

show how factors such as polarity, functional groups and bonding sites can be used to increase the performance of a drug as well as reducing the amount of side effects. During the actual synthesis process chemists try to increase the yield Levo enantiomers. PSE eventually became notorious for its ability to be turned into methamphetamines through a process known as the birch reduction. Because of this a new drug was developed known as Phenylephrine, however as it had an extra hydroxyl functional…

31. cis/trans isomers Isomers are compounds with a similar substance recipe however extraordinary structures. The structures of these isomers vary in the introduction of the two chloride particles around the Co3+ particle. In the trans isomer, the chlorides involve positions opposite each other in the octahedron. In the cis isomer, they possess contiguous positions. The distinction amongst cis and trans isomers can be recollected by taking note of that the prefix trans is utilized to portray…

All ambulances must also carry the medication Epi. This drug must be carried in both adult and pediatric dosages. The chemical name of Epi is Epinephrine. Its chemical equation is C9H13NO3. The molecular weight of Epinephrine is 183.207 g/mol. Epinephrine has a hydrogen bond donor count of four, a hydrogen bond acceptor count of four, and a rotatable bond count of three (14). Epinephrine is given intramuscularly via auto injector. The dose is 0.3mg for adults and 0.15mg for pediatric…

first cell formed containing all L- amino acids. This would have been extremely improbable, however, if the soup were composed of an equal mixture of left and right enantiomers. Another possibility is that the first cell randomly formed with a slight excess of L-amino acids, and evolutionary selection favored life based on just one enantiomer. Some have proposed that life arose in many places simultaneously in both L' and D·amino acid-based forms; these forms competed, and life based on D-amino…

Stereochemistry (Reaction of Haloalkanes) Stereoisomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but they are different in the special arrangement. Stereoisomers fall into two main categories Geometric isomers- This is further subdivided into cis and trans isomers. Optical Isomers In this section, we will discuss the optical isomers and how their involvement in the reactions of haloalkanes. Optical Isomers Optical isomers are compounds having the same molecular formula but they differ in…

Morphine is an opioid where as Tramadol is not an opioid but still binds into the opioid receptor and produces the same effect as an opioid would, if medication is strengthened. Both tramadol (oral) and morphine (oral) are commonly used for pain management. While tramadol is used to treat moderate pain, morphine is used for moderate to severe nociceptive pain, such as pain due to surgery, trauma or cancer. Evidence suggests that tramadol can ease opioid withdrawal, therefore it cannot be abused…

Pharmacological activity of enantiomers of Salbutamol: Salbutamol, the most generally utilized short-acting β2-agonist, comprises of a racemic mixture of equivalent measures of two enantiomers, (R)-salbutamol and (S)-salbutamol. The bronchodilator impacts of salbutamol are credited altogether to (R)-salbutamol (levosalbutamol), while (S)-salbutamol has been demonstrated to have bronchospastic and expert provocative impacts both in vitro and in vivo studies. Levosalbutamol, the (R)-enantiomer of…

In the evaluation of serotonin toxicity or serotonin syndrome, the most commonly used and more recent criteria is the Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria. In comparison to its predecessor, Sternbach’s criteria, Hunter’s Criteria is used due to its simplicity, sensitivity and specificity, and the use of well-defined clinical manifestations including clonus, tremor, and hyperthermia. This report describes a case of serotonin toxicity triggered by an increasing dose of tramadol with concurrent…