Epithelium

The lung wall is delicate which makes it susceptible to surface tension injury. The wall is made of epithelium, which is tissue that lines the cavities and surfaces of organs in the body. When complications with infections occur regions of the lung can fill with fluid, also babies born premature can have underdeveloped lungs causing increased surface tension. These cause the lungs to remain closed, a disease called respiratory distress syndrome. The deformation of biological cells when…

SMILE CORRECTION BY GINGIVAL DEPIGMENTATION AND LIP REPOSITIONING A CASE REPORT ABSTRACT Excessive gingival display during smiling (“gummy smile”) with hyperpigmented gums is an esthetic concern for the patients. Gummy smile can be managed by different treatment modalities based on specific diagnosis. This case report demonstrates the management of a 22 years old female patient with the chief complaint of dark gums and excessive gingival display while smiling due to hypertonic lip. Treatment…

and posterior margins of the testes. Epididymis is tightly coiled and has a comma-shaped. It consists of 3 regions; The head (superior portion), the body (midportion) and the tail (distal end). The epididymis consists of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle. It also has stereocilia, which is different from cilia. Functions; The epididymis stores and transports sperms. It is also site for sperm maturation. Ductus deferens (vas deferens) is a…

functions, most of which are associated with a specific structure of this organ. For example, the lens, cornea, and iris are necessary for the optic capabilities of the eye. Light sensing is performed by photoreceptors located in the retinal pigmented epithelium. Transmission by the eye is performed by the retina and the optic nerve. Lastly, display is specific to the visual cortex (Cvekl and Ashery-Padan 2014). Clearly, a lot of regulation must take place within the expression of genes in order…

Stem Cell Research and its Controversies Stem cells have been believed to originate from primordial germ cells, which normally produce the sperm or oocyte. They are pluripotent cells that proliferate indefinitely with appropriate growth factor and nutrients, and appropriate environment (Kurt, F. Ö., Aydemir, I., Özkut, M., Cezayirli, E., & Tuğlu, M. İ., 2015). These characteristics can lead to a greater understanding of human biology in addition to new cures for diseases like Huntington’s. Stem…

a tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens in the male reproductive system. Within the epididymis, there are several types of cells that make up the epithelium, some of which are the main, basal, apical, clear, intraepithelial lymphocytes, and intraepithelial macrophages. Clear cells are predominant in the tail region of the epithelium. The ways in which these cells are involved with V-ATPases are as follows. Osteoclasts use plasma membrane V-ATPases to acidify the extracellular space…

I was fascinated by the in-class demonstration illustrating the concept of two point discrimination and thought it would be quite interesting to try out the experiment with my family. Later that week, I tried to replicate the experiment using a paperclip bent in a “U” shape. I instructed my parents and younger sister that I would lightly touch the two ends of the paperclip on various areas of their body (fingers, palm, arm, back, leg, etc...). For the demonstration to be successful, it was…

pseudomembranous candidiasis and dyskeratosis congenita. On haematological investigations all the values were within normal limits and a punch biopsy was performed as an investigative procedure. The histopathological report revealed hyperplastic epithelium with hyperparakeratinization and acanthosis, broad, and elongated rete…

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma or also known as (ATC) is located on the gene NKX2-1 which is found on chromosome 14q13.3. ATC is a very rapid and aggressive type of thyroid cancer. Anaplastic invades the thyroid gland that’s located at the base of the throat right below the adam’s apple. Your thyroid produces hormones that regulate your heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight. Anaplastic is the least common thyroid cancer out of the 4 types, anaplastic occurs to people of the age…

Cilia and the Protection of the Respiratory Tract Introduction Approximately twelve thousand litres of air is inhaled by one person each day containing environmental stimuli including pathogens and particles such as toxic pollutants and allergens. These must be expelled from the body as it may induce airway inflammation and infection, causing airway diseases. Mucociliary clearance acts as an innate defence against these stimuli, where cilia is a part of this mechanism. Cilia, microscopic…