Goitre

Understanding the Pathophysiology, Laboratory, Diagnostic testing and Nursing Interventions for Graves’ Disease According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) (2012), “Graves’ disease, also known as toxic goiter, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States”. Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) than the body needs. The thyroid gland helps control how the body uses energy. When there is a problem with the thyroid becoming hyperactive in producing hormones, then it can affect several of the bodies systems. The thyroid gland makes hormones that affect metabolism, brain development, breathing, heart rate, the nervous system, body temperature, muscle strength, weight, skin dryness, menstrual cycles and cholesterol levels. Pathophysiology Graves’ disease is classified as an autoimmune disorder. According to the NIDDK (2012), with Graves’ disease, the immune system makes an antibody called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) that attaches to thyroid cells. TSI mimics TSH and stimulates the thyroid to make thyroid hormone. People with immune disorders are found to be at a greater risk of developing Graves’ disease. Conditions associated with Graves’ disease include type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and vitiligo. According to the NIDDK (2012), Graves’s disease usually occurs in people younger than age 40 and is seven to eight more times…

This is known as a condition called thyrotoxicosis. The most common cause of this is an veracity in the thyroid gland. For example, Graves’ diseases causes an inflammation of the thyroid or a tumor on the thyroid. Another case is called goitre, which is a swelling of the neck due to an enlargement of the thyroid gland. Symptoms of thyrotoxicosis include intolerance to heat, weight loss, increased appetite, increased bowel movements, irregular menstruate cycle, rapid or irregular heartbeat,…

Now the question arise how to maintain health and what makes healthy, and the ans is nutrition, which is taken in the form of food. And what is food is determines by culture factors. Thus, food pattern determines the disease patterns. Although many of these traditional food behaviour was developed based on the trial and error, they have scientifically approved; yet especially among indigenous tribes, many of their food practices are also based on logical reasoning like superstitious beliefs and…

Height, weight and waist circumference of the client will need to be measured. The Body Mass Index (BMI) is used as a screening tool to find out the risk of getting cardiovascular disease. However, BMI is not applicable for children, elderly, muscular individuals and pregnant or lactating women. Waist circumference is to determine central obesity of the client. Waist to hip ratio is another measure for abdominal obesity. There are several methods used for the body composition analysis such as…

acids. The balance between insulin and glucagon results with undisturbed metabolism and provides a stable inner metabolic homeostasis across the body. The hormones, T3, also called triiodothyronine, and its prohormone, T4, also called thyroxine, are hormones produced by the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is under the control of the pituitary gland, which controls the level of T3 and T4 via Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). The primal function of these is regulation of metabolism. The main…

triangle of the neck. It consists of two lobes, right and left, connected by an isthmus in the middle. The thyroid gland is mainly supplied by the superior thyroid artery, the first branch of the external carotid artery, and the inferior thyroid artery, a branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery; and occasionally by the thyroidea ima artery, an infrequent branch of the arch of the aorta. The venous drainage of the thyroid gland is into the internal jugular vein through the…

life expectancy and grow food more efficiently. For instance, the Haber-Bosch process developed by German physicists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch in the early 1900s enabled the artificial production of ammonia, an important ingredient in fertilizers. Early in the 20th century when the world had exhausted a lot of resources to make fertilizers to produce food; the process enabled humans to produce artificial ammonia to survive. On the other hand, chemical fertilizers cause groundwater…

Brave New World depends on technology from birth, which ultimately makes each citizen incapable of living in a world that is not run by the advancements of the State. Huxley creates a dystopic setting within the novel through a consistent reminder of the numerous divisions within society. Primarily, Huxley develops the radical division between the old and new world, which creates both a physical and mental barrier within society. For instance, when Bernard takes Lenina on a scientific…

and ivory. It is used in making fancy items like the jewelry boxes, handles of swords and covering for diaries, albums etc. *In Japan the skin of fishes is used to make lanterns. *The dried skin of the globefish and porcupine fish is used to make helmets. As medicine and disease control –…