Macrophage

Rats exposed to silver (Ag) NPs for 12 weeks had increased perivascular inflammation as well as chronic alveolar inflammation, alveolar wall thickening and swelling, granulomatous lesions, and alveolar macrophage accumulation (Cho et al, 2003). A parallel study found the same type of lung damage accompanied by a decrease in lung function, indicated by the tidal volume, minute volume, and peak inspiratory flow, which persisted throughout a 12-week recovery period (Song et al,…

It gains phagocytic abilities and produces more hydrolytic enzymes. These macrophages also referred to as ‘the big eaters’ identify, engulf and lyse foreign matter such as pathogens, dead cells and cellular debris into substances for excretion and reuse such as sugars and amino acids; they are also antigen-presenting cells (Huxley and Walter 2005; McKenzie and Klein 2000; Doseff et al. 2010; Goldsby et al.…

1. Describe what occurs when a macrophage binds to a microorganism via phagocytic receptors on the surface of the macrophage and ligands on the surface of the microorganism. When a macrophage binds to a microorganism via phagocytic receptors, there are cell surface receptors and plasma proteins that recognize the properties such as carbohydrate, lipid,or nucleic acid of the surface of the microorganism. There are also complement receptors (C3/CR4) that recognize the ligands on the microbial…

prevents us, the living, from being devoured by the horde of hungry pathogens? The answer lies in the body’s immune system. The story starts with the bacteria entering the human body and starting to multiply. In this process, the human cells are damaged and assimilated to help the multiplication of the pathogens. For a helpless dead body, the story ends here. Luckily for you, a perfectly healthy human, your body hosts an entire regiment of cells collectively known as the immune system that are…

Macrophage responses to foreign material may be size and geometry dependent. Macrophages are master phagocytic cells which scour the body for foreign materials that they phagocytize and destroy. Naturally, macrophages can effectively phagocytize materials which are less than 10 μm. When material size increases (10-100 μm) single macrophages can no longer phagocytize them, instead a giant multinucleated cell called a foreign body giant cell is formed from the fusion of several macrophages in an…

The main role of PMN is phagocytosis of bacteria and tissue debri. PMNs are also a major source of cytokines, especially tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and second population that invades the wound consist of macrophages. The function of macrophages is phagocytosis , activation and recruitment of other cells by releasing various cytokines, growth factors such as Vascular endothelial growth Factor, Insulin like Growth Factor and Epidermal Growth Factor. Macrophages regulate matrix…

achieved by formation of vascular barrier and secretion of immunosuppressive molecules[10]. RPE cells can modulate retinal immune response by secretion of immunosuppressive molecules PGE2 and PEDF to suppress T cell and macrophage activation, respectively [11, 12]. In addition, challenging RPE cells with excessive amount of preoxidized photoreceptor outer segments (Ox-POS) can induce expression of IL-8 and MCP-1 to recruit and activate immune cells[13].…

Incubation of Macrophage with MSCs 100 µl of MSC suspension (2 × 105 cell/ml) was added to each well of 96-well microplates containing macrophages and incubated for 4 h at 37°C in a moist atmosphere of 5% CO2. 2.5 Phagocytic assay by neutral red The basic phagocytic ability of macrophage (non-opsonic dependent phagocytosis) was measured by neutral red uptake. After MSCs and Macrophages were co-cultured for 2 h, 200 µl neutral red solutions (dissolved in 10 mmol/L PBS with the concentration of…

Atherosclerosis is a disease where arteries thicken as cholesterol builds-up on their walls. A chronic inflammatory response in the arterial wall by the macrophage accumulation, promoted by low-density lipids.5 It is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries that can lead to stroke and myocardial infarction. Macrophages tend to rupture plaques by releasing lytic???? enzymes that break plaques in the arteries. Biomarkers such as plasma lipid estimation and myeloperoxidase,…

TB infection enters its second stage after 7-21 days after initial infection, and it is generally asymptomatic. The TB bacilli start reproducing exponentially within the inactivated macrophages, this eventually result in a rapid expansion of the initial TB bacillus,until the macrophages cannot contain the spread anymore and it will bust and spreading necrotic residue and bacilli throughout the surrounding tissue. Other macrophages will also begin to extravasate from peripheral blood, but they…