Modal logic

i) What is modal realism and why would one need to believe in it? What problems is modal realism proposed to solve? What problems accepting modal realism might create? In this essay I am going to explain what Modal Realism is the reasons people will choose to believe in it and the reasons people will not. I will outline the problems of Modality and how Possible World Theory, and extended on to that Modal Realism, will be able to solve it. I will then move onto the weaknesses of Modal Realism, concentrating on the idea of the Incredulous Stare and then offering an alternative for this view making it a viable option to not believe in Modal Realism in Philosophy. First, before we discuss Modal Realism, we must first consider the problem…

research, she revealed that the modality function of the State of the Nation Address of President Benigno Aquino indicated linguistic units that sought cooperation and a sense of belongingness within the group. It also revealed how President Aquino used the modality and level of politeness to show his optimism to achieve greater goals for the country. The study of Barasa, Ndambuki and Telewa (2016) explained the ideological foundations of modality in the post-consultation discourse of former…

have been grouped as physicalists. Saul Kripke is in disagreement with this physicalist view. He believes that qualitative consciousness cannot be a physical thing. Although most of his paper, Naming and Necessity, is mostly about a way of understanding modal semantics, a section of his paper presents an argument against physicalism. If Kripke’s argument is correct, it could mean that consciousness is not something that could be explained by anything physical. So consciousness…

Aristotle further lengthens his study of syllogism in On Interpretation to study modal logic. Modal logic is phrases that use possibly or necessarily. On Interpretation does bring up a problem about a fixed future. The problem is that what happened in the past either happened or it didn’t, therefor what happens in the future will either happen or it will not. So that brings up the idea of a fixed future. Aristotle rejects this idea of a fixed future and says that what is said about the future…

In this essay I will be outlining and critically assessing Kripke’s ‘Humphrey’ objection to Counterpart Theory. To first understand the ‘Humphrey’ objection, it is crucial to understand the Counterpart Theory. This theory has the core belief of individuals only existing in a specific world, however they have similar counterparts in other possible worlds. Kripke’s ‘Humphrey’ objection is in light of the Counterpart Theory. Stephen Yablo’s Aboutness helps illustrate issues which arise in the…

Why the Impossible Sucks In this paper, I will argue that the relevant logician is required to accept philosophically and metaphysically intractable positions in order to preserve the Law of Excluded Middle (LEM). I will do this by first explaining the interpretations of a relevant logic in terms of the ternary relation R, the worlds W, the Routley Star, and content inclusion. I will consider two possible understandings of worlds, one being in the sense used by classical modal logic, and…

In his book On the Plurality of Worlds, David Lewis introduces his counterpart theory. Lewis presents this as a solution to the concerns of possible world theory – namely the claims that possible worlds exist as concrete objects, “entering into spatiotemporal relations with each other and nothing else” – consequently making concrete possible worlds exist. However, one possible world cannot interact or affect another possible world, making them ‘spatiotemporally closed off’. This description is…

statement on whether he exists. The crux of the argument is whether or not there exists a unique being that must exist necessarily rather than contingently, everything we know is contingent on something else, for example, you are contingent on your parents. He goes further to redefine Anselm’s definition of God, he changes it from the greatest possible being to an “unlimited being”, then argues that the only reason that an unlimited being wouldn’t exist necessarily is if the concept of an…

For example, when Jefferson compares the blacks’ imagination to that of the whites, he asserts that blacks are “dull, tasteless, and anomalous” in imagination (381). His words may diminish readers’ intentions to read as some readers may find his words insulting and offensive. Another example in which Jefferson uses insulting language is when he talks about flowing hair. “Add to these, flowing hair, a more elegant symmetry of form, their own judgement in favor of the whites, declared by their…

human beings, process information just as we do; sense and have the ability to form individualistic thoughts as we do, then we can form the conclusion that they must think similar to how we do with minds like our own. Not only are humans physically like us, but emotionally as well- to an extent. If we have beliefs, ideals, emotions, and control of our senses then so should others that are like us. If we are able to feel and think something, hypothetically labeled A, then naturally a new…