Oxidative phosphorylation

1. Neurogenesis and memory 1.1. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus The hippocampus is a brain region that responsible for learning, memory and mood. One of the important reasons for memory and mood dysfunction is the dentate gyrus (DG) reduction [12, 13]. The subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of neural progenitor cells generated neurons and glia in adulthood and during adulthood [14]. Neurogenesis also have a role in mood regulation; the dorsal hippocampus is an…

cellular respiration - the conversion of glucose into energy - takes place. The mitochondria’s role is to take in the glucose from food and convert it into energy, also known as ATP in a process called Oxidative Phosphorylation. The mitochondria contain an inner and outer membrane, Oxidative Phosphorylation occurs in the inner membrane which has folds that help it create more ATP. This energy is used for cellular…

al., once the plaques are mature they are able to activate the neighboring tissue, including microglia and astrocytes, culminating in neuronal damage and synaptic dysfunction. This pathological scenario is thought to be a result of oxidative injury and phosphorylation linked to the presence of the plaques as well as the accumulation of the tau tangles (Lamberts et al.,…

characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function, including cognition, and by the increased susceptibility to disease (RX-2013). Oxidative stress and mitochondrial malfunction are two interdependent mechanisms that play a central role in brain aging (RX-2013). Oxidative stress in the aging brain The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage as a consequence of its high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, high oxygen consumption, high content in transition metals,…

Oxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the ability of the body to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. Oxygen byproducts are relatively non-reactive but some of these can undergo metabolism within the biological system to give rise to these highly reactive oxidants. However, free radicals can chemically interact with cell components such as DNA, protein or lipid and steal their electrons in order to become…

(PI3K), as well as Akt. d. PTEN phosphatase provokes PI3K activity and therefore IIS. IIS affects gene expression by causing inactivation of the Forkhead Box O transcription factor FOXO. Down-regulation of target genes occurs due to Akt-mediated phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of FOXO. During periods of decreased IIS activity, the activation of FOXO has an effect on growth and the longevity of the organism. e. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the FOXO homolog is daf-16. In mutants, who…

regulatory mechanisms maintaining their concentrations in the CNS (Richardson and Ponka, 1997). They take part in neuronal activities such as neurotransmission, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, neurite outgrowth, neurotransmitter biosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation and oxygen transport (Hung et al., 2010). Each of these elements has its own unique form, distribution, and function in the CNS and the imbalance of one element ion will disturb the homeostasis of other elements downstream. Metal…

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the body’s main source of chemical energy. It is produced by breaking down nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids and proteins, which are all found in food. At the start of the race, anaerobic pathways are used to provide a quick source of energy. Most of this energy is derived from the catabolism of fats. Since lipids are more reduced than carbohydrates, they are capable of storing more energy per unit weight. Triacylglycerols are the lipids used for energy…

biological processes depend on the generation and recycling of ATP to maintain homeostasis and carry out vital roles within a cell. Without mitochondria, the generation of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation would not occur. Cellular energy metabolism generates the most ATP within the mitochondria and during oxidative phosphorylation. Comparison of the different endosymbiosis theories, evolutionary time frames, mechanisms, and genetic testing can help pinpoint the origin of mitochondria and how…

apoptotic stimuli such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, α-amyloid exposure, low potassium, excitotoxic stress, 6-OHDA, UV irradiation, nerve growth factor (NGF) deprivation, trophic support withdrawal and tumor necrosis factor…