Pharmacokinetics

For the development of new drugs, there is a requirement for investment of major capital, human resources and scientific expertise. Not only are stringent regulations required on testing and manufacturing standards of the drug, there is also the general population healthcare requisite which needs to be met with the limited resources and technology available. For a new drug to reach the market, it takes more than a decade and several tests and trials that the FDA needs to clear. The information…

option and suboptimal doses have been linked to the development of resistance. In addition to that, the nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity associated with colistin administration requires special attention to dosing this antibiotic. The lack of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies and the absence of universal harmonization of dose units have made it difficult to derive optimal dosing regimens and specific dosing guidelines for colistin.…

Clinical development Clinical study background Alogliptin (Nesina®) is a new drug for the treatment of adult patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) by inhibiting the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme and thereby prevent degradation of incretin hormones [1]. There were a number of clinical evidences for this DPP-4 inhibitor drug to define its use in treating T2D, including the clinical phase I, clinical phase II and III studies, but this review only detailed descripted some typical clinical…

higher plasma concentrations of acyclovir were observed in comparison to alone administration of acyclovir.  CYCLOSPORIN-A The pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A (Cs A) are not affected by the co-administration of mycophenolate mofetil. In contrast, about 30% increase in MPA AUC should be expected in case the cyclosporine treatment is…

million people are dependent on alcohol as evaluated by the CAGE questionnaire for alcohol dependence (Kosten, T., & O'Connor, P. 2003). To examine alcohol dependence, this review will consider the following: 1. Neurobiology / Pharmacodynamics 2. Pharmacokinetics / various forms of use 3. Ways in which tolerance and withdrawal occur 4. Pharmacotherapy for treatment Understanding the cycle of alcohol abuse highlights the complexity of alcohol dependence and, more specifically, emphasizes the…

Using infliximab to treat Crohn’s disease Introduction Crohn’s disease is a type of IBD that causes inflammation in any part gastrointestinal tract from the mouth to the anus. In response to this inflammation, the body’s immune system attacks the GI tract (Dessein, 2008). The progression of this chronic inflammatory disease is brought about by the action of several cellular processes and pro-inflammatory mediators (Poggioli, 2007). Because there is no single factor that can be targeted to…

The technical terms for these two determinants are • pharmacokinetics • Pharmacodynamics Both these terms are critical reviews in the field of pharmacogenomics. Pharmaco-kinetics: Pharmacokinetics consist of four major processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which are termed as ADME. • Absorption usually deal with…

Phage pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics is complex because of the nature of the predator-prey relationship at the site of infection, in which both elements are replicating while the target bacteria are also undergoing lysis (Cairns and Payne 2008). Phage strains…

NAME UKAH R.C MATRIC NUMBER NSC/2014/887 COURSE CODE PCL 304 ASSIGNMENT : QUESTION NUMBER 1: LIST THE PRINCIPLES OF CHEMOTHERAPEAUTIC RESISTANCE Introduction: PRINCIPLE : Principle is an essential factors or elements that may have impact on the survival mechanism, which may either be from environment or the person taking the drugs or factor participating may engineer drug resistance. RESISTANCE: It is reduction in…

Part 1: adverse reactions 1.1 Introduction (QT prolongation) The toxicity of antipsychotic drugs is considered a good example of specific gender differences in Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in a dose-dependent manner [1]. This adverse effect is induced cardiac arrhythmia known as torsade de pointes (TdP) (delay of cardiac repolarization), are associated with the following drugs such as; chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, pimozide and thioridazone, which increase the risk of QT prolongation. It…