Romanization of Arabic

“lesser Jihad means ‘have to use arms’ if someone attacks you, use jihad to protect themselves… when the attacker stops, then they stop” (class notes). There was often a misconception about the meaning of Jihad that it only meant violence, however this was the minor meaning. The major meaning of jihad is an internal struggle. This goes all the way back to Mohammed Abdullah; the creator of Islam. Before this the Middle East was very separate and chaotic; Mohammed created a place for unity at the…

Men and women both were committing unnatural acts by offering themselves up as strange flesh to entities not of human flesh. Both men as well as woman were lying with angels (angelic men). The “due penalty” clause is quite a mystery without this understanding. What would this due penalty be that these people would be receiving in their persons? This word, persons, is a reference to their own bodies. They are receiving demons into their own flesh. The initial stage is probably some kind of…

In Egypt, there were over 2,000 gods and goddesses and each one of them represented an aspect of the world.(Barrow, Mandy. “Ancient ) Gods were important to Egyptians not only in life, but also in death. Gods represented many aspects in nature, provided for humans and served as means of keeping the old kingdom unified, but they also judged humans’ souls and guided them through their life after death. Without the gods, Egyptian history as we know it would be incredibly different. Egyptian gods…

Throughout history, most early civilizations have had a social order, or more commonly known as a caste system. However, one of the best known social systems is the hierarchy of ancient Egypt. The pyramid, which was used to be the final resting place for the Pharaohs and their queens, resembles the structure of their society. Beginning at the tip of the pyramid are the Pharaohs, the rulers of ancient Egypt, and at the base is the servants and slaves. There is a significant divide between each…

The Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History has arranged its largest exhibition on ancient Egyptian mummies and artifacts in the history, “Eternal Life in Ancient Egypt”. The expanded exhibition include an additional eight cases focusing on the science behind studying mummies. In exhibition, a combination of rare artifacts and cutting-edge research tools illuminate how Smithsonian scientists have pieced together the lives of ancient Egyptians through their burial practices and rituals…

Paul Salopek decided to walk across the world. He decided to do this for so many reasons. The main reason is because 60,000 years ago our ancestors took this pathway who first discovered our Earth. He explains that it is not just because they delivered us to the planet but because they “bequeathed us the sublest qualities and we now associate with being fully human”. They are the reason why we are here according to Paul. They walked the strait called “Bab el Mandeb”the gate of the grief. It is…

The unknown work of art comes from the Luba peoples of the Mbudye Society in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is attributed to the Lukasa (memory board) from around the 19th century to the 20th century. The piece is made of wood, beads, and metal. The Luba peoples created many different works of art. Some pieces represented women since they were important in this society. They also sculpted stools, mboko (divination bowls), bow stands, and the Lukasa. They had a centralized authority:…

The architecture of Passage tombs reiterates the ritual stage of liminality in the articulation of entrances and the arrangement of motifs, features and space. The most illustrative examples of passage tombs are those at the Bend of the Boyne, Ireland. It is Knowth, Dowth and New grange tombs, which communicate liminality most clearly. Firstly, the entrances to these tombs emphasizes the threshold or liminality of the space, between the land of the living and the land of the dead (ancestors).…

Was the political leader. He held the title ‘Lord of Two Lands’ because he ruled both Upper and Lower Egypt. He owned all the land in Egypt. He made the laws. He collected the taxes. The Pharaoh could lead his people into war if Egypt was attacked or if he wanted to expand his power. He was also the religious leader. He was the ‘High Priest of Every Temple’. He represented the Gods on earth. He performed rituals and built temples. Egyptian-civilization Most Egyptians worked in the…

Some girls dream about being married, they dream about the big day and the big dress with friends and Family. Naturally, the girl is supposed to fall in love with the Guy of her choice and Live Happily ever after . Women In the western world have the freedom and liberty to have a stance and speak up. The ability for women in our part of the world to have a voice, struck the feminist movement allowing women from all over the world to take a stand and let their voices be heard. Women in the Middle…