http://www.flashcardexchange.com/tag// www.flashcardexchange.com: / Flashcards en-us Fri, 03 Feb 2012 11:38:29 PST Fri, 03 Feb 2012 11:38:29 PST support@flashcardexchange.com 720 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2071778 Chapell Meeks 1 I - NT Key Topics with Tag 2012-02-02 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2071778 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2054586 tag team from hell.... RT+Court's obj,, 2012-01-21 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2054586 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2041216 mewwwwww 2012-01-10 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2041216 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2025989 selective permeability the allowance of some substances to cross a membrane more easily than others; fundamental to life lipids and proteins What are the staple ingredients of membranes? phospholipid most abundant type of lipid in membranes amphipathic to have a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region; pertains to most membranes fluid mosaic model idea that membrane is fluid structure with "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer of phospholipids okay [just say okay] scientists make models as hypotheses to organize and explain existing information Gorter and Grendel two Dutch scientists who reasoned that cell membranes were phospholipid bilayers, used as stable boundary between two aqueous solutions Davson and Danielli 1935: two scientists that suggest membranes have two sides of hydrophilic regions; propose sandwich model: phospholipid bilayer between two layers of proteins electron microscope type of microscope that was used to study membranes problem [just say problem] 1st problem with Davson and Danielli's sandwich model: generalization that all membranes are identical 7-8 how many nm's is the plasma membrane thick? problem [just say problem] 2nd problem with Davson and Danielli sandwich model: protein placement; proteins are amphipathic so they cannot be completely in one certain region, it is problematic with the opposite region Singer and Nicolson two scientists who in 1972 proposed that membrane proteins are dispersed, individually inserted into the phospholipid bilayer with their hydrophilic regions protruding freeze-fracture method of preparing cells by freezing them and then splitting the membrane along the middle of the bilayer, (pull apart chunky sandwich); okay [just say okay] models make inspiration for further investigation, and can be changed as knowledge advances hydrophobic interactions what primarily holds together membranes? laterally which way can lipids and some proteins shift in their phospholipid layer? Frye and Edidin two scientists who showed that membrane proteins shift; some move driven by cytoskeletal fibers by motor proteins, but some are also immobile by attachment to cytoskeleton okay [just say okay] the solidifying point of a membrane varies, depending on the type of lipids it is comprised of unsaturated hydrocarbons what type of a part of lipid will keep a membrane fluid by being unable to pack closely together? cholesterol steroid that is wedged between phospholipid molecules in animal cells; "temperature buffer" 37 at what degrees Celsius does cholesterol make the membrane less fluid by restraining phospholipid movement? cholesterol what lowers the temperature of a membrane solidifying by wedging itself between phospholipid molecules, making it impossible for them to pack closely together? okay [just say okay] when a membrane is solid the permeability changes { enzymes can deactivate, lipid composition can change, etc.} proteins what macromolecule determines the function of the membrane? integral protein protein that penetrates the hydrophobic core of the lipid bilayer transmembrane protein protein that spans the membrane, goes through the whole thing okay [just say okay] hydrophobic regions of an integral protein consist of 1+ amino acids, coiled in helices okay [just say okay] some proteins have a hydrophilic passage through it to allow hydrophilic materials in the cell peripheral protein protein that is not embedded in the lipid bilayer; appendage that is loosely bound to the surface of the membrane, often exposed to parts of integral protein cytoskeleton what sometimes keeps some membrane proteins in place on the cytoplasmic side? extracellular matrix what sometimes keeps some membrane proteins in place on the extracellular side? transport function of a protein that allow the passage of material; can be by means of a hydrophilic channel or by the shuttling of a substance by changing shape (hydrolyzes ATP) enzymatic activity function of protein that is essentially to be an enzyme built into protein signal transduction function of a protein to use binding sites on the extracellular side to change shape and send signals to the interior cell-cell recognition function of a protein to be an identification tag to be recognized by other cells intercellular joining function of a protein to hook together cells through junctions (gap, tight, etc.) attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix function of a protein to help coordinate extracellular and intracellular changes; help maintain cell shape and cell location cell-cell recognition key ability for organism to function { sorting cells into tissues and organs, basis of rejection of foreign cells, important in defense of vertebrates} glycolipids lipid covalently bonded to a membrane carbohydrate (less than 15 sugars) glyoprotein protein covalently bonded to a membrane carbohydrate carbohydrate this macromolecule is key when on the extracellular side of a cell to for identification, because they can vary individual to individual, cell type to cell type, species to species, etc. (used for identification) inside what part of a vesicle (inside or outside) becomes part of the extracellular side of the cell membrane? outside what part of a vesicle (inside or outside) becomes part of the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane? supramolecular structure of what is the biological membrane a prime example? (allow molecules to have emergent properties that it wouldn't have isolated) hydrophobic molecules what type of molecules can pass the cell membrane easily? (hydrocarbons, CO2, oxygen, etc.) because they dissolve easily hydrophilic molecules what type of molecules have a hard time passing the cell membrane (do so very slowly)? (glucose, water, other polar molecules, etc.) channel protein type of transport protein that has a hydrophilic channel, allowing ions and certain molecules to pass through carrier protein type of transport protein that changes shape when bound to certain molecules, thus allowing the molecule to shift to the other side of the membrane aquaporin channel protein that is mainly for water passage; allows 3 billion water molecules to pass in a line per second glucose what uses a certain carrier protein to go through red blood cell membrane? diffusion the movement of molecules so they spread evenly in an available space/equilibrium; directional concentration gradient what any substance will diffuse down; region along which density of chemical substance decreases concentration gradient what represents potential energy? osmosis diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane tonicity ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water isotonic same (environment wise) hypertonic solution that has more non-penetrable solutes outside the cell, causes water to leave hypotonic solution that has less non-penetrable solutes outside the cell, causes water to enter lyse the act of a cell bursting from swelling, like an overfilled water balloon osmoregulation the control of water balance; key for cells that are not in a tolerable solution turgid very firm; key for plants in a hypotonic solution flaccid limp; happens to cells with cell walls when immersed in isotonic solution plasmolysis in a hypertonic solution, the plasma membrane will shrink as water is lost and pull away from the cell wall; causes wilting and lead to death facilitated diffusion the passing of hydrophilic molecules and some ions through the membrane with the help of transport proteins ion channel channel protein group that opens and closes in response to a stimulus gated channel opens and closes in response to stimulus; channel protein type (stimulus can be chemical or electrical) cystinuria human disease that has the absence of a carrier protein that would transport cysteine and other amino acids across the membranes of kidney cells sodium-potassium pump active transport system exchanging potassium to go into the cell and sodium to leave the cell membrane potential voltage across a membrane; (range from -50 to -200) electrochemical gradient combination of chemical and electrical forces on an ion negative charge of the plasma membrane? based on unequal distribution of cations and anions proton pump main electrogenic pump of plants, fungi, and bacteria that actively transports hydrogen ions out of the cell cotransport using active transport to pass one solute, but also bringing several other solutes hypotonic organisms in freshwater are in what kind of solution? okay [just say okay] facilitated diffusion uses carrier proteins too. carrier proteins aren't just for active transport cystinuria kidney disease based on malfunction of transport system Na In the Na- K active transport system, which goes out(3)? K In the Na-K active transport system, which goes in (2)? voltage what is created by differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions? membrane potential voltage difference across membrane; maintained by active transport chemical force part of electrochemical gradient; ion's concentration gradient electrical force part of electrochemical gradient; effect of the membrane potential on ion's movement 2011-12-20 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2025989 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2025418 Search tag "Quickly" to find all the German Quickly cards. These are cards from the introductory chapter entitled "Pronunciation Guide" from April Wilson's book German Quickly. This set is pretty worthless as you don't need the pronunciation for reading. It is also painful. Move on to chapter 2. There are no vocab for chapter 1. I have pasted the German symbols below. I pasted them into a Microsoft Word document and then pasted them into my flashcards any time I needed them. German Symbols ¨ ¨-e Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ ß 2011-12-19 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2025418 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2022656 Chapell Meeks 1 I - NT Key Topics with Tag 2011-12-15 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2022656 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2021704 description 2011-12-14 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2021704 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2018993 Chapell Meeks 1 I - NT Key Topics with Tag 2011-12-13 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2018993 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2010484 This is a description TEST 2011-12-07 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2010484 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2007700 Someone else named reading_german_flashcards has made German Quickly cards for Chapters 2. Search tag "Quickly" to find them. These are some ones that the other person did not include in their list. I have pasted the German symbols below. I pasted them into a Microsoft Word document and then copy and pasted them into my flashcards any time I needed them. German Symbols ¨ ¨-e Ä Ë Ï Ö Ü ä ë ï ö ü ÿ ß 2011-12-05 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2007700 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2004062 Here are some other words I wanted to learn from German Quickly Chapter 5. The other person ( reading_german_flashcards) made another flashcard set of the * words. To find all German Quickly cards, search tag "quickly." 2011-12-02 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2004062 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2001633 The other person ( reading_german_flashcards) wrote down the * words. Here are some others I want to learn. Find the other cards by searching by "quickly" tag. 2011-11-30 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2001633 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2001960 dickin around 2011-11-30 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/2001960 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/1996532 Bismillah hir Rahman nir Raheem. This set is a tool to accomplish multiple goals, inshaAllah, among which are: to learn the vocabulary of the Qur'an, to assist in Hifz (memorization as well as safeguarding) of the Qur'an, and to grow more thankful and obedient to Allah by contemplation of His ayaat (the verses of the Qur'an as well as the signs of the Lord to His creation). Each verse has broken up into parts with each part containing one or more brief phrases. Phrases or words may be separated by "|" signs to facilitate identification of Arabic with English. Please e-mail comments to my user name @gmail.com *** notes: (1) flashcard exchange stores all tag words in lower-case letters, however, almost all the tag words used for this set should be treated with respect and written (in English) with the first letter capitalized. (2) This set is a work in progress. My plan right now is to limit sets to between 25 and 50 cards each. (3) The translation is Sahih International. (4) The Arabic script was copied from a web site which prints each character. That allowed me to copy and paste phrases easily into flash exchange. http://quran.islamicnetwork.com/quran.php?q=2:1-7 (5) If you agree this is a good project, I can send you instructions for how to create additional sets for other surahs. Then we can divide the workload and share the ajr, inshaAllah. (6) If you want to share this card set with other people, please give them this URL: http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/519887 Jazak Allah khayr. Allahumma taqabbul minna wa minkum. 2011-11-25 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/1996532 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/1993895 These cards are in addition to the chapter 3 vocab words someone else ( reading_german_flashcards) made. Search tag "quickly" to find the other German Quickly cards. 2011-11-22 http://www.flashcardexchange.com/flashcards/view/1993895