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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the three categories philosophy was divided into?
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Logic, ethics and physics.
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What are the two types of rational thought?
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It is either concerned with corporeal objects or with purely abstract general rules.
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How are the different categories of philosophy related to the division of rational thought?
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Logic pertains to rational thought of the abstract kind and physics and ethics pertain to material rational thought.
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What is a priori principle based philosophy termed?
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Pure philosophy
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What is the distinction between a practical rule and a moral law?
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Practical rules are based on empiricism; whereas, moral laws are independent of empiricism and are based upon a priori principles.
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What is good without limit?
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A good will.
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Why is a good will good without limit?
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Not because of its consequences but because of its intrinsic goodness.
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What does Kant say about usefullness and a good will?
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He argues that the usefullness of a good will is entirely independent of its intrinsic worth.
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What does Kant say about the nature of beings and the ends which they aim to achieve?
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Kant argues that on principle any instrument one has is only for an end in which it is appropriate for/conducive to it.
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What is the aim of reason in terms of beings?
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To cultivate the will; not as a means to an end but as good intrinsically.
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What determines the worth of our actions?
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A good will
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What is the difference between an act done in conformity with duty and act from duty?
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An act which is done from duty is done on the principle of the maxim followed; whereas, an act done in conformity with duty is an act which coincidentially follows duty. Actions conform but are not from duty because of an inclintation, for self-interest, for example.
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How do actions gain moral worth?
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Not from inclincation but from duty.
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What is duty?
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The necessity of action from the respect of a law.
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What does an action from duty involve?
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One has to put aside one's inclinations. One should only consider the object law and one's own subject respect for the law.
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What is the universability principle?
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"I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will my maxim should become a universal law"
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What does Kant term the reason one uses to ascertain moral laws?
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Practial reason
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What is the mistake others make when interpreting what practial reason denotes/connotes?
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That is involves experience. Kant argues that experience plays no role in ascertaining the moral worth of an action.
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Who do the laws apply to?
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All rational beings.
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Are they absolute or relative?
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They have absolute necessity.
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Why, according to Kant, can't specific instances/cases be the basis of morality?
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Examples of morality must first be measured by principles of morality in order for it to be considered as an original example.
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What is the use of examples of morality?
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As encouragement.
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What does everything in nature work according to?
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Law
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What are the only things which act in accordance with laws?
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Rational beings
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What is the will?
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Practical reason
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What do all imperatives (i.e. objective principles) express?
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An ought
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Why, according to Kant, do wills not necessitate compliance with objective laws?
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The will is constituted of a subjective element which leads to it not being an all good will.
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Why are imperatives different for divine wills and holy wills?
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The divine will necessitates compliance with imperatives; whereas, the holy will, due to its subjective constitution, does not necessitate compliance with imperatives.
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What is the difference between categorical and hypothetical imperatives?
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A hypothetical imperative subscribes actions as means to an end - the action is good only as a means to another purpose; whereas, categorical imperatives subscribe actions as ends themselves - in other words, they are intrinsically good actions.
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What does an imperative do?
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It "represents a practical rules for a will which doesn't carry out good acts automatically.
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What is another term for a categorical imperative?
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An apodictically practical principle.
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What is speculative reason?
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It is one's faculty of knowledge and is concerned with metaphysics.
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What is practical reason concerned with?
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Practical reason is the will and is concerned with moral philosophy.
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