Raj Kandpal (Biochemistry)

Absence of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) in humans.

Neu5Gc and Neu5Ac. Humans lack Neu5Gc.

Pharmaco - kinetics, dynamics, genomics.

P450(CYP) complex.

A family of some 150 isoforms.

It metabolizes more than 100 drugs including Coumadin (Warfarin), a blood thinner?

If drug is inactivated faster, small dose will not be an effective anticoagulant:
Need to increase dosage.
If drug takes too long to be inactivated, excess dose will be expected to cause bleeding:
Need to decrease dosage.

Two alternative forms of a gene or DNA sequence in our cells.

genotype of a cell/individual with two identical alleles.

genotype of a cell/individual with two non-identical alleles

Target gene/protein for Coumadin

The abundance of A equals T, and C equals G in double stranded DNA (not in a single stranded DNA)

genotype of a cell/individual with two identical alleles.

genotype of a cell/individual with two non-identical alleles

Target gene/protein for Coumadin

The abundance of A equals T, and C equals G in double stranded DNA (not in a single stranded DNA)

The abundance of A equals T, and C equals G in double stranded DNA (not in a single stranded DNA)

B form

3 as opposed to 2. Therefore G-C is more stable and higher G-C ratio stabilizes the helix as opposed to A-T.

-Change the structure of H20
-Disrupt H-bonds

disrupts the three dimensional structure in macromolecules such as proteins, DNA, or RNA and denatures them. Chaotropic agents interfere with stabilizing intra-molecular interactions mediated by non-covalent forces such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic effects.

Complemantarity allows two fragments of DNA to hybridize or basepair with each other.

Annealing of a DNA probe to its target sequence.

Hybridization of a probe fragment to a DNA target.

Hybridization of a probe fragment to a RNA target.

Repeated units that are short (microsatellites), intermediate (minisatellites) or large.
Examples:
Dinucleotide repeats: CA CA CA CA CA CA
Trinucleotide repeats: CAG CAG CAG CAG
tetranucleotides repeats: AGCT AGCT AGCT AGCT

Complemantarity allows two fragments of DNA to hybridize or basepair with each other.

Annealing of a DNA probe to its target sequence.

Hybridization of a probe fragment to a DNA target.

Hybridization of a probe fragment to a RNA target.

Repeated units that are short (microsatellites), intermediate (minisatellites) or large.
Examples:
Dinucleotide repeats: CA CA CA CA CA CA
Trinucleotide repeats: CAG CAG CAG CAG
tetranucleotides repeats: AGCT AGCT AGCT AGCT

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP)
Protein + RNA

DNA will have an altered sequence during next round of replication.
Such DNA may lead to a non-functional protein or absence of protein.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic used for mycobacterial infections, in immunosuppressed patients, and tuberculosis.
Drug blocks the initiation of transcription by binding to a protein pocket near the active site of the β subunit of the bacterial polymerase to block the path of the nascent RNA during initiation.

Solution: Genomic DNA has to be organized. Such organized structure of chromosome is called “Chromatin”.

Ribonucleoprotein (RNP)
Protein + RNA

DNA will have an altered sequence during next round of replication.
Such DNA may lead to a non-functional protein or absence of protein.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic used for mycobacterial infections, in immunosuppressed patients, and tuberculosis.
Drug blocks the initiation of transcription by binding to a protein pocket near the active site of the β subunit of the bacterial polymerase to block the path of the nascent RNA during initiation.

Compact chromatin.

Tightly packed form of DNA, which comes in two varieties: constitutive and facultative. Both play a role in the expression of genes, where constitutive heterochromatin can affect the genes near them (position-effect variegation) and where facultative heterochromatin is the result of genes that are silenced through a mechanism such as histone methylation or siRNA through RNAi.

Means the control is not related to DNA sequence.
Same DNA sequence may or may not result in a gene transcript
Epigenetic control is similar to punctuations in a sentence.
Consider the following two sentences:
"Woman: without her, man is nothing”
"Woman without her man is nothing"

Two different genes are involved in PWS and AS. One copy of the gene (maternal copy for PWS, and paternal copy for AS) is inactivated by imprinting, and the other copy is inactivated by deletion.