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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Great Plains
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The plains were a treeless, nearly flat ground, an endless "sea of grassy hillocks" extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.
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"Indian Country"
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~ it was land west of the Mississippi
~The government moved eastern tribes there with firm treaty guarantees. ~in 1834, the intercourse act passed, which prohibited any white person from entering Indian country without a license. |
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Chivington Massacre
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~Gold miners moved into Pikes Peak country, touching off warfare with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
~ In 1864,the 2 tribes asked for peace ~Thinking that the war was over, Chief Kettle with his seven hundred followers camped on Sand Creek ~The Colorado militia attacked the sleeping group led by John Chivington ~The chief tried to stop the ambush by raising an American flag then a white flag. Neither worked. |
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Red Cloud
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~Sioux chief
~responsible for the Fetterman massacre |
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Fetterman Massacre
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~ federal government announced plans to connect various mining towns by building the ozeman Trail through the heart of the Sioux hunting grounds
~ Red Cloud determined to stop the trail ~He was pursued by an army column under Captain Fetterman ~ He lured Fetterman deep into the wilderness, ambushed him, and wiped out all of his soldiers |
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Buffalo Soldiers
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~African American cavalrymen on the western frontier
~they gought in the Red River War and ended Indian warfare |
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Red River War
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~The Kiowa and Comanche rampaged through Texas, looting, and killing
~ The U.S. army crushed them in the Red River War of 1874-1875 ~that ened warfare in the Southwest |
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Sitting Bull
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~ was a famous cheif and medicine man for the Sioux
~ he was part of Little Bighorn ~He was killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre |
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Crazy Horse
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~ He was the Sioux chief
~ he tried to stop prospectors from stampeding over their hunting grounds for gold ~ He was the chief during Little Bighorn |
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George Armstrong Custer
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~he was a reckless lieutenant
~ he wanted to end the warfare with the Sioux quickly ~ thinking he had a msall band of Indians surrounded in their village, he took half his command into it ~ he stumbled on the main Sioux camp ~ the Sioux killed them all |
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7TH Cavalry
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~ was Custer's old regiment
~ the regiment that chased down Big Foot's band and took them to the army camp on Wonded Kneee Creek |
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Nez Perce Tribe
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~ from Orgegon
~ welcomed Lewis and Clark but in 1877 rebelled against the government ~ hoping to reach Canada, the tribe wnet n a corageous flight lasting 75 days and covering 1321 ~ the defeated every pursueing army at every turn but ran out of food, ammunition, and horses ~ they surrendered and were sent to lands in the Indian Country of Oklahoma ~there most of them dided of disease |
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Chief Joseph
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~ the chief of the Nez Perce Tribe
~ he led them on that corageous flight to Canada |
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WOVOKA
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~ a Paiute messiah
~ he envisioned a set of dances and rites called Ghost Dances |
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Ghost Dances
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~ a set of dances and rites that grew from a vision of a Paiute messiah names Wovoka
~ these dances would bring back Native American lands and would cause the whites to disappear ~ Indians would reunite , the earth covered with dust, and a new earh would come upon the old ~ the buffalo would come back in great herds |
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Wonded Knee Massacre
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~ army tried to stop the ghost dancing, but killed Sitting Bull and a number of other
~ the other Indians fled Southwest to join ther ghost dancers under chief Big Foot ~ the seventh calavary caught up with Big Foot's Band took them to to the army camp on Wounded Knee Creek ~ it is thought that a Native American fired the first shot and then everyone else joined in ~ 2 hundered men, women, and children were killed in the snow |
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Assimilation
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~ some reformers urged the nation to assimilate the Native Americans individually into white culture
~ "assimilationists" wanted to use education, land policy, and federal law to eradicate tribal society. ~ Congress began to adpot the policy in 1871 |
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Court of Indian Offenses
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~ Crongess created it in 1882
~ it was made to try Native Americans who broke government rules ~ and soon after it made them asnwerable in regular courts for certain crimes |
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Dawes Severalty Act
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~ Congress passed it in 1887, thinking the Native Americans who owned land would become responsible
~ it gave each Native American a farm ~ it divided tribal lands into small plots for distribution among members of the tribe. ~ Each family head receied 160 acres, single adults 80 acres, and children 40 acres ~ any surplus was sold to white settlers, with the profit going to Indian schools ~to keep the land from falling into the hands of speculators, the government held it in trust for 25 years. |
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Extermination of the Buffalo
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~ final blow in tribal life came with the extermination of the buffalo
~ the killing began when transcontinental railroads pushed west. people would shoot buffalo to keep the indians from getting them ~ Between 2872 and 74, hunters slaughtered three million buffalo a year ~ By 1883, the buffalo were almost gone |
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Buffalo Bill Cody
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~ he turned dime novels into a profitable business
~ his Wwild West Show ran for more than three decades ~ it featured Plains Indians chasing buffalo, performing a war dance, and attacking a settler's cabin |
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Gold Rush of 1849
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~ the first movemnet west was for California and Oregon were there was gold discoverd there
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Overland Trail
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~ in the next three decades, half a million indiviulas made the long journey over the Overland Trail leading west to California and Oregon
~ the trail was two thousand miles long between the Missouri River and the Pacific coast |
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Homestead Act of 1862
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~ the government gave away 48 million acres under this act to private citizens, corporations, railroad companies, and to the states
~ it gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay a $10 registration fee and pledge to live on it and cultivate it for 5 years ~ nearly 600,000 families claimed free homesteads under it |
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Timber Culture Act of 1873
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~ attempted to adjust the Homestead Act of western conditions
~ it allowed homesteaders to claim an additional 160 acres if they planted trees on a quarter of it within four years ~ it distributed 10 million acres of land, encouraged needed forestation, and enabled homesteader to expand their farms to a work-able size |
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Timber and Stone Act of 1878
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~ it permitted anyone in Ca, Nev, Or, and Wash to buy up to 160 acres of forest land for 2.50 dollars an acre.
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National Reclamation Act
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~ set aside most of the proceeds from the sale of public lands in sixteen western states to finance irrigation projects in the arid states
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"Hydraulic" Society
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~ because of the National Reclamation Act over the next decades, dams, canals, and irrigation systems channeled water into dry areas, creating a "hydraulic" society
~ rich in crops and cities ~ but in danger of running out of the precious water on which it all depended |
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Romauldo Pacheco
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~ an aristocratic native son
~ served as governor of California and then went on to Congress |
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Las Gorras Blancas
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~ a secret organization of Spanish Americans
~ they attacked the movemnet of Anglo ranchers into the Las Vegas community land grant ~ they cut down fences and scattered the stock of those they viewed as intruders |
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"Instant Cities"
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~ instant cities arose from where there was gold strikes, railroad tracks, and other opportunites
~ San Francisco, Salt Lake City, and Denver are the best examples |
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Placer Mining
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~ a simple process to get gold from streams
~ required little skill, technology, or capital ~ needed a shovel, a washing pan, and a good claim |
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Comstock Lode
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~ the Nevada find uncovered a thick bluish black ore that was almost pure silver and gold
~ Henry Comstock talked his way into partnership in the claim ~ produced gold and silver work 306 million |
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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~ riots against Chinese laborers caused Congress to pass the exclusion acts
~ which suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years |
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Foreign Miners Tax
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~ California passed the taz in 1850
~ it charged foreign miners a $20 monthly licensing fee ~ as intended, it drove out Mexicans and other foreigners |
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Vaqueros
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~ Mexicans who were the first cowboys
~ they developed the essential techniques of branding, roundups, and roping |
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Wyoming Stock Growers Association
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~ enforced rules for cattle ownership, branding, roundups, and drives
~ this was the largest asscociation ~ had four hundred members owning 2 million cattle ~ its reach extended well beyond Wyoming in to Colorado, Nebraska, Montana, and the Dakotas |
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Exodusters
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~ African Americans who left homes to establish new and freer lives in Kansas
~ they fled the South because some were fed up with beatings and murders, crop liens, and the Black Codes |
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Dry Farming
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~ a new technique that helped compensate for the lack of rainfall
~ farmers loosened the soil and slowed evaporation |
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National Grange
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~ founded by Oliver Kelley in 1867
~ provided social, cultural, and educational activiteis for its members ~ grange grew rapidly during the depression of the 1870s |
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Bonanza Farms
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~ huge farms run by the new invented machinery and financed with outside capital
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Turner's Thesis
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~ by Jackson Turner, wrote about the significance of the frontier in american history
~ points to frontier conservatism and imitativeness, the influence of varying racial groups, and the persistence of European ideas and institutions |
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"Crowd Nobody"
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~ the idea that people should move rest so they don't crowd anybody
~ Greely encouraged New Yorkers to move west |