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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the retroperitoneum is defined as?
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the space between the posterior portion of the parietal peritoneum and the posterior abdominal wall.
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what are the three categories oof the retroperitoneum?
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anterior pararenal, perirenal space and posterior pararenal space
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what does the perirenal space include?
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adrenals, kidney, ureter, great vessel
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what does the anterior pararenal space include?
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pancreas, duodenal sweep, ascending and transverse colon
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what does the posterior pararenal space include?
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blood and lymph nodes
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the iliac fossa includes?
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ureter, major branches of the great vessels and lymphatics
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the retrofascial space has three compartments they are?
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psoas, lumbar, iliacs
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the right adrenal is more what to the kidney?
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superior
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the left adrenal is more what to the kidney?
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medial
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the neonate adrenal gland is larger or smaller porportionally to an adults kidney?
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larger (1/3 the size of the kidney)
adults are 1/13 the size |
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normal lymph nodes measure less than?
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1cm
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what are the two major lymph node bearing areas?
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iliac and hypogastric in the pelvis and the para-aortic in the upper peritoneum
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where does the pelvic retroperitneum lie?
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between the sacrum and the pubis and the peritoneal reflection and the pelvic diaphragm.
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what is the prevesical and rectovesical space?
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the space that spans from the pubis to the anterior margin of the bladder. the space between the bladder and rectum is the rectovesical space.
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what is the pre sacral space?
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it lies between the rectum and fascia covering the sacrum and posterior pelvic floor musculature.
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what is the vascular supply located in the retroperitoneum?
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aorta, ivc
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what are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
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cortex and medulla
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what are the hormones secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland?
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mineralocorticoids: regulate electrolyte metabolism
glucocorticoids: carb metabolism sex hormones: androgens and estrogens |
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what is the cause of Addison's disease?
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hypo function of the adrenal cortex *bronzing of skin*
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what syndromes are produced from hyper function fo the adrenal cortex?
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cushings, conns adrnogenital syndrome
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what hormones are secreted by the medulla of the adrenal gland?
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epinephrine and norepinephrine
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what is a primary retroperitoneal tumor?
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one that originates independently within the retroperitoneal space. Primarily malignancies are more common than benign, but both are rare.
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what is the most common retroperitoneal tumor?
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lymphoma
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what is adrenogenital syndrome?
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the result of excessive secretion of the sex hormones and adrenal androgens. caused by an adrenal tumor or by hyperplasia. adrenal virilism
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what is conn's syndrome
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aka aldosteronism. caused by excessive secretion of aldosteronism due to a cortical adenoma.
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in conn's syndrome what is more common in males and females?
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hyperplasia or adrenal carcinoma in males and adrenal adenoma in females.
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what is cushing's syndrome?
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caused by excessive secretion on cortisol resulting from hyperplasia. symptoms include "buffalo hump", moon face, truncal obesity.
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what is water house-friderichsen syndrome?
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there is a fulminant bacterial sepsis, shock and necropsy with adrenal hemorrhage
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adrenal cysts
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produce no clinical symptoms when small. affect women more than men. are uncommon and normally unilateral. have a typical cystic pattern.
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what is the main reason for adrenal hemorrhage in adults?
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usually caused by severe trauma or infection. hemorrhages are more common in neonates that have a traumatic delivery. has a normal hemorrhagic appearance.
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what is an adrenal adenoma?
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a benign functioning adenoma that is the most common primary adrenal tumor. occurs more frequently in older patient with diabetes and hypertension.
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adrenal malignant tumors
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rare. may be hyper functional or nonfunctional. hyper functional are more common in females. Larger neoplasms tend to be nonfunctional.
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Metastasis to the adrenals
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fourth most common meets after the lung, liver and the bones. Mets usually causes adrenal insufficiency. Nonspecific appearance.
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what is a pheochromocytoma??
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located in the adrenal medulla which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in excessive quantities. tend to be malignant. associated with hypertension.
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what is an adrenal neuroblastoma
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the most common malignancy of the adrenal glands in childhood. well encapsulated tumor that displaces the kidney inferiorly. heterogeneously echogenic with poorly defined margins.
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what is the second most common PRT??
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leiomyosarcoma. originates in smooth muscle. presents as a large complex mass w/areas of necrosis.
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what are two kinds of leiomyosarcomas?
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fibrosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas
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Germ Cell Tumors
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can be malignant or benign. fourth most frequent site is the retroperitoneal. *include teratomas*
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what is a urinoma?
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a walled off collection of extravasated urine that develops spontaneously afte trauma, surgery or urinary obstruction
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what is retroperittoneal fibrosis?
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aka ormonds disease. thick sheets of fibrous tissue in the retroperitoneal cavity. they may encase and obstruct the ureters & IVC causing hydronephrosis.
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