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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
North and South distances are measured from what what great circle?
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Equator
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What are the two types of great circles?
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Any two opposing meridians of longitude make a great circle (each meridian is half of a great circle).
Only one parallel of latitude is a great circle, the equator. |
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Parallels of latitude are a series of smaller east-west circles referred to as what?
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small circles
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What is the distance North and South of the equator at the North and South pole?
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90 degrees
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Longitude lines are used to measure east and west distances from what reference line?
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Prime Meridian or Greenwich Meridian
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180 degrees west is the same meridian as what?
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180 degrees east
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The places where meridians and parallels cross are called?
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Coordinates
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List 3 reasons coordinates are used for?
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In pilot charts and maps
To describe blocks of airspace For airborne navigation systems |
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Parallels and meridians are divided into what?
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degrees, minutes, and seconds
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1 degree is equal to what?
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60 mins (1 hr)
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What do you state first in terms of coordinates?
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latitude before longitude
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What is used for measuring degrees of latitude north and south of the equator?
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Parallels of latitude
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What is used for measuring degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian?
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Meridians of Longitude
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In the United States, how is latitude/longitude read?
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from bottom to top, right to left.
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T/F One minute of longitude along the equator is equal to 1 nautical mile.
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True
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T/F 1 minute of latitude is equal to 1 nautical mile (measured along a line of longitude)?
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True
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T/F 1 minute of longitude (measured along a line of latitude) is not equal to 1NM except along the equator.
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True
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What is the shortest distance between two points on a sphere?
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a great circle route
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What is most direct route over the earth’s surface
Saves time and fuel Crosses every meridian at a different angle (constantly changing true direction) |
a great circle route
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a line which makes the same angle with each meridian of longitude, and is longer than a great circle route.
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a rhumb line
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Requires more time and fuel because of the greater distance traveled
Is easier to navigate because its direction remains constant |
a rhumb line
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T/F A great circle route adjusts to the curvature of the earth; the rhumb line does not.
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True
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1 NM is equal to:
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6,080ft
1.15 SM 1 minute of latitude |
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1 SM is equal to:
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5,280ft
0.87 NM |
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1 Knot (KT) is equal to:
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1 NM per hour
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T/F NMs and KTS are universal in air traffic control.
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True
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Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is known as what and based off which location?
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Zulu time
Greenwich, England |
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T/F UTC is sed by the FAA for all operations; however, VFR pilots may use local time
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True
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Time in each 24 standard zones is called what?
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LST/DST Local Standard Time/ Daylight Savings Time
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What are the four standard time zones in the US?
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Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific
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To convert LST to UTC you must:
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Convert LST to 24-hour clock and add hours (minus one hour if DST)
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To convert UTC to LST you must:
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Subtract hours (add one hour if DST)
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What are the four types of speeds used in aviation?
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IAS, TAS, GS, MACH
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Speed used in pilot/controller communications and is shown on the aircrafts airspeed instrument
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Indicated Airspeed
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Speed relative to undisturbed airmass used for flight planning/ en route portion
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True Airspeed
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The speed relative to the surface of the earth is true airspeed corrected for the effects of wind
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Ground Speed
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ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound
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Mach number
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Time, Distance, Speed Formula
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Distance = Ground Speed times Time
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T/F Wind effects ground speed (headwind, tailwind) but does not affect true airspeed
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True
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_______ represents the intended path of the aircraft over the earth’s surface
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True Course
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______ is the actual path that the aircraft has flown over the earth’s surface.
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Track
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________is what any free object will do as the air moves downwind with the speed of the wind.
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drift angle
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T/F In one hour, an aircraft drifts downwind an amount equal to wind speed.
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True
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What is the True Heading (TH) formula?
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True Heading (TH) is True Course (TC) corrected for wind
(TC + WCA = TH). |
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When is it the controller’s responsibility to compensate for wind speed and direction?
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Formulating estimates
Issuing radar vectors |
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For a constant true airspeed, the indicated airspeed ______ with increases in _____ and _______
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increases
altitude temperature |
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_____ is the angular difference between true north and magnetic north.
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Variation
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_____lines connect points of equal difference between true and magnetic north.
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Isogonic
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______line connects points of zero variation. (There is only one)
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Agonic
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What is the formula for Magnetic Heading (MH)?
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Magnetic Heading (MH) is True Heading (TH) corrected for variation
(TH + VAR = MH). |
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What is the formula for Compass Heading (CH)?
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TC + WCA = TH + VAR = MH + DEV = CH
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The error of a magnetic compass due to magnetic influence in the structure and equipment of the aircraft
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Deviation
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navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction, and speed, groundspeed, and elapsed time.
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Dead Reckoning
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the basic method of navigation used for flying a predetermined course taking into account the effects of wind on track and ground speed
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Dead Reckoning
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the determination of position by identification of landmarks from their representation on a chart
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Pilotage
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a method of determining and maintaining a desired course or determining an aircraft’s position by use of radio navigation aids on the ground
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Radio Navigation
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Requirements for radio navigation include:
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Requirements for radio navigation include:
Ground-based transmitters Appropriate navigation receivers in the aircraft Receivers and instrument displays in aircraft Charts and publications Additional pilot training |
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A method of navigation which permits aircraft operation on any desired flight path within the coverage of ground- or space-based navigation aids or within the limits of the capability of self contained aids, or a combination of these.
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RNAV (Area Navigation)
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