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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are plant's closest relative?
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green algae
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what are some common traits that algae and plants share?
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-multicellular
-eukaryote -photosynthetic -cellulose which produces cell walls |
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what traits link charophyceans to plants?
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-perioxisome enzymes (photo respiration)
-structure of flagallated sperm -phragmoplast (cytoplasm organelles lining up along ridge, waiting for cell division) Also has rosette complex (cellulose synthesis in row) |
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What was the main problem for plants in the Ordovician period?
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the jump from aquatic to dry land
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How did plants solve their problem from the Ordovician period?
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-created epidermal polymers that acted as water proofing known as cuticles
-also created a durable polmer that prevents zygotes from drying out known as the sporopollenin. This provides pollen grains with a certain mophology |
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derived plant traits
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1. apical meristems
2. Alteration of generations. 2 independent individuals, haploid and diploid 3. walled spores in sporangia spores with sporopollenin 4. multicellular gamentangia female archegonia vs. male antheridia 5. multicellular dependent embryos (not done in algae) |
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what are bryophytes and what are some examples?
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non-vascular plants; can be broken down to phylums of liverworts, hornworts, and mosses
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How can vascular plants be broken down?
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seedless and seed
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what are some seedless vascular plants?
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1. lycophytes
include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts 2. pterophytes include ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns |
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what are some examples of seed plants? Divide these into 2 groups
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gymnosperms?
1. ginko 2. cycads 3. gnetophytes 4. conifers Angiosperms flowering plants |
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when did land plants emerge? (time wise?)
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450 MYA
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when did vascular plants emerge?
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420 MYA
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When did seed plants emerge?
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360 MYA
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gymnosperm
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"naked seed": their seeds are not enclosed in chambers, make up most of the conifers today
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angiosperms
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flowering plants that have seeds develop inside of chambers called ovaries, which originate within flowers and mature into fruits
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life cycle of mosses and bryophytes
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- alternates between gametophyte and sporophyte
-gametophyte stage is dominate -H2O dependent reproduction (limits range) -only fertilizes when wet, no full invasion of land - sporophyte grows from archegonium -no vascular tissue |
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plants in the ordovician period?
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nonvascular land plants
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plants in the silurian period?
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vascular plants (trees)
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carboniferous
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seed plants, allow for full land invasion
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How long did nonvascular plants dominate?
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100 million years before vascular plants
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vascular tissue
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cells form tubes to transport h20 and nutrients
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Types of vascular tossie
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1. xylem
2. phloem |
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xylem
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transport of h20 and minerals
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phloem
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transport sugars and other organic products
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vascular plant adaptations
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1. sporophyte domination (fern leaves)
2. roots anchor plants, absorb water and nutrients, support for vertical growth 3. leaves maximize surface area 4. sphorophylls modified cells that bear sporangia |
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sorus (also describe the two types)
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contains sporangia
1. homosporous single type of spore (vascular) 2. pterophytes all seed plants, male(micro)/female(mega) spore |
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seedless vascular plants
examples |
lycophytes
examples: club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts pterophytes examples: ferns, horsetails, wisk ferns |
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the significance of vascular plants?
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- transformed land
- transformed the atmosphere - facilitated the industrial revolution (decay of plants causes deposits which allow fossil fuels) |