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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endocrine Gland |
Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream to act on/In target cells |
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Hypothalamus |
Regulates the pituitary |
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Steroid hormones |
Need carrier to directly enter cell |
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Non-Steroid hormone |
Soluble in blood; acts on the receptors on cell surface. Does NOT need a carrier |
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Negative Feedback System |
Deviation from normal values initiates a response (secretion); the response (secretion decreases as values return to normal |
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Feedback System |
How internal conditions are kept within set limits |
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Positive feedback system |
Moves the controlled condition further away from homeostasis; childbirth and coagulation |
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Steps of the feedback system |
1. hypothalamus 2. Pituitary 3. Target gland |
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What is an antagonist hormone? |
An antagonist hormone opposes another hormone; if one rises the other lowers |
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True or False Inherent dysfunction of the gland or of the gland that activates it |
TRUE: the problem can be "upstream" that results in the gland not working |
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Example of antagonist hormone |
Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels; calcitonin released from the thyroid decreases blood calcium levels |
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Are hormones released at a constant? |
Hormone rates vary; some are constant, intermittent/on demand, sleep/wake cycles |
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What is an endocrine disorder? |
It is a problem with too much or too little of a hormone |
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What is a common cause of endocrine disorders? |
ADENOMAS!! |
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Define hypersecrete |
When a gland releases too much of a hormone |
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What is a cause of hyposecretion? |
Gland destruction. Initially, because of cell destruction you can have hypersecretion from hormones being liberated from the glands cells. As the gland destruction progresses, the result is hyposecretiom |
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What are 3 causes of endocrine disorders? |
1. Adenomas 2. Feedback System failure 3. Ectopic hormone release |
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Negative Feedback failure |
Secretes too much; doesn't turn off |
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Positive feedback failure |
Secretes too little; doesn't turn on |
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An example of ectopic hormone release? |
Some lung cancers secrete ADH |
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3 examples of cell surface receptor-associated disorders; target cell failure |
1. Decreased # of receptors 2. Impaired receptors 3. Antibodies present against receptors |
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4 types or target cell failure |
1. Cell surface receptor associated disorder 2. intracellular disorder 3. inhibitors 4. Dysfunctional delivery |
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What is meant by dysfunctional delivery? |
1. Inadequate carrier proteins for steroid hormones 2. Poor blood supply |
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What is meant by intracellular disorders? |
issue with a secondary messenger system for non - steroidal hormones |
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Role of hypothalamus |
1.Regulates the pituitary gland 2.ADH and oxytocin are made in the hypothalamus and then STORED in pituitary |
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Role of pituitary gland |
"Master Gland"; controls other gland activities |
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How many lobes does the pituitary gland have? |
It has 2 lobes; anterior and posterior |
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Growth Hormone |
Released by pituitary; stimulates growth within the body |
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Prolactin |
Released by the pituitary; milk production |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) |
Released by pituitary; - females: growth and maturity of ovarian follicle -males: spermatogenesis |
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Luteinizing Hormone |
Released from pituitary; Works in conjunction with FSH -females: follicle maturation (estrogen and progesterone) - males: increases testosterone; sperm maturation |
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
Released from pituitary; controls the releae of thyroid hormone; simulates growth and function of thyroid gland |
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
Released by pituitary; stimulates growth of adrenal gland cortex and corticosteroid secretion |
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What is a common source of pituitary abnormalities? |
ADENOMAS |
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What are 3 things that can cause pituitary damage?
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1. damage from trauma 2. tumor 3. infection * since the pituitary is controlled by the hypothalamus, a dysfunction there can affect the pituitary |
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Acromegaly
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Hypersecretion of GH in adulthood -broader, heavier bones |
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Gigantism
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Hypersecretion of GH in children and adolescents
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Proportionate Dwarfism
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Hyposecretion of GH in children and adolescents
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Hypersecretion of PROLACTIN
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-caused by prolactinomas *hyposecretion and hypersecretion of prolactin affects fertility in both sexes |
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Symptoms of hyperprolactinemia
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In both sexes: infertility, decreased sex drive, bone loss Females: amenorrhea, hirsutism Males: ED, gynecomastia |
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Diabetes Insipidus
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disorder that causes imbalance of water in the body Symptoms: polydipsia, polyuria |
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Where is the parathyroid glands
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The parathyroid glands are nodules on the back of the thyroid gland. They
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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Increases blood calcium levels; antagonist of thyroid hormone
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Hypoparathyroidism
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Sx 1. Hypocalcemia -causes decreased heart contractions, and increased muscle and nerve excitability 2. hyperphosphatemia -PTH decrease phosphate absorption in KIDs |
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Hyperparathyroidism
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Sx 1. Hypercalcemia -increased heart contractions, and decreased muscle and nerve stiulation 2. Hypophostphatemia 3. KID stones 4. Pathologic fractures |
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PRIMARY hyperparathyroidism |
PRIMARY; excessive secretion of PTH from the gland itself; typically from adenoma |
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SECONDARY hyperparathyroidism |
SECONDARY; ezcessive secretion of PTH from parathyroid glands as a result of a disease like renal failure |
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Calcitonin
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Released by the thyroid gland; decreases blood calcium levels |
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What are 3 thyroid hormones
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1. T3 2. T4 3. Calcitonin |
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The hypothalamus causes TSH secretion from the pituitary gland by what 2 hormones?
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T3 and T4
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Goiter
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland; can be present in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
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Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
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Graves Disease; autoimmune disease
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SX of Graves Disease
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1. Bulging eyes 2. hypermetabolic state 3. thin hair |
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Thyrotoxic Crisis/ Thyroid Storm
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Combination of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism, preceded by infection/surgery; life-threatening
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PRIMARY hypothyroidism
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dysfunction of the gland itself |
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SECONDARY hypothyroidism
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pituitary dysfunction
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SX of hypo thyroidism
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1. hair loss 2. Puffy face 3. muscle weakness |
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thyroiditis
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inflammation of the thyroid
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Adrenal cortex produces what types of hormones
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steroid hormones: aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
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Adrenal medulla produces
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norepinephrine, epinephrine |
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Cushing DISEASE |
Increased secretion of ACTH from pituitary (pituitary adenoma) increasing cortisol production in the adrenal cortex |
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Cushing SYNDROME |
The SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS related to increased cortisol from adrenal cortex regardless of cause |
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Cushing Sx |
1. Moon face 2. Excessive sweating 3. trunk obesity |
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Hypersecretion of adrenal cortex gonadocorticoids
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-feminization in males -virilization in females |
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Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex gonadocorticoids
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inferitility in females
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Pheochromocytoma
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RARE benign adrenal medullary tumor
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Sx of pheochromocytoma
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1. HTN 2. headache 3. anxiety |
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neuroblastoma
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pediactric malignancy that typically originates in the adrenal glands
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Islets of Langerhans
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endocrine cells of the pancreas
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alpha cells of the pancreas |
glucagon; increase blood glucose
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beta cells of the pancreas
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produce insulin; lowers glucose levels, slows gastric emptying and inhibits glucagon production
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Disease in which your body is unable to produce insulin or has a decreased cellular response to insulin
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Roles of Insulin
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1. allows transport of glucose into the tissues, decreasing blood glucose levels 2. promotes storage of glucose 3. prevents fat breakdown 4. increases protein synthesis |
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True of False ALL cells need a carrier to get insulin in |
False; some tissues do not need a carrier for insulin to enter
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Where does the production of insulin take place
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produced by the pancreatic beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
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Types of Diabetes
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Type 1 Type 2 Insipidus |
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Type 1 diabetes
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Juvenile or insulin dependent -beta cell defect/destruction -pancreatic atrophy |
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Type 2 diabetes
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mature/adult onset, non-insulin dependent
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SX of type 1 diabetes
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1. polydipsia 2. polyuria 3. polyphagia (however, weight-loss due to fat breakdown) |
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Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes
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1. obesity 2. age 3. inactivity 4. HTN 5. Family Hx 6. GDM |
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SX of type 2 diabetes
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1. fatigue 2. visual changes 3. pruritus |
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diabetic ketoacidosis
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MEDICAL EMERGENCY: the body does not produce enough insulin; the liver is unable to keep up with processing the volume of ketones as a result of fats being broken down as an energy source creating ketones |
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Sx of diabetic ketoacidosis
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1. polyuria 2. polydipsia 3. nausea and vomitting 4.fruity/acetone breath 5. confusion 6. hyperglycemia |
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Neuropathy (damage or disease of the nerves)
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Most common chronic complication of DM 1. impaired sensation 2. weakness 3. paresthesias |
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Common complications from DM |
1. infection due to poor perfusion, hyperglycemia, and delayed healing 2. cataracts 3. pregnancy complications |