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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
As the West Antartic's and Greenland's ice sheet disintegrates and melts what will have to sea level?
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it will rise
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True or False: Many metro areas world-wide will be submerged in water if the sea level rises.
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true
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True or false: The magnetic pull on earth is changing, rotation is slower, and the moon is farther from earth.
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true
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What is the scientific method?
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-gather available info
-generate hypothesis -use hypothesis for testing and predictability -if repeatedly confirmed, theory (evolution) -if it stands test of time, may be considered a scientific law (gravity) |
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True or False: Plate tectonics is an old concept.
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false; represents a huge jump in geology studies/ thinking
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What is catastrophism?
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-early idea of geologic processes
-large catastrophic event occurred -eg. earthquake (now), meteorite |
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What is uniformitarianism?
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-late idea of geologic processes
-processes going on now have gone on in the past and likely will in the future |
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What is the Big Bang Theory? (part one)
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-12 billion years ago
-75% hydrogen, 25% helium -expansion - red shift -gravitational attraction - pockets of clusters forming suns with heat and pressure |
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What is the Big Bang Theory? (part two - after forming suns)
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-suns fused gases into higher atomic number elements
-super novas blew elements into space -new cycle of formation of planets and suns -plants grew as space material coalesced and formed a gravity center that attracted additional space material |
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What is the Big Bang Theory? (part three - after planets grew)
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-heat of compaction and radioactivity
-heat energy from collision with other planetismals -earth's interior rose to the melting point of iron -being more dense than other elements, iron sank to the core of earth |
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What is accretion?
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an increase by natural growth or addition
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What is differentiation?
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iron melts and sinks, lighter material raise to earth's surface
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What are the layers of earth?
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-crust
-upper mantle -lower mantle -outer core -inner core |
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What are the plate boundaries?
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-divergent (slide away from each other)
-convergent (slide towards each other) -transform (slide past each other) |
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True or False: Plates are constantly moving.
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true
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Define minerals.
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naturally occurring inorganic solids consisting of one or more chemical elements in specific proportions whose atoms are arranged in a systematic internal pattern
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What is an isotope?
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one of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons
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Describe elements' placements on periodic table.
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-elements become heavier as you move down periodic table
-left side have less electrons on outer orbit -right side has more, except for gases |
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What is ionic bonding?
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loss or gain of electrons. charged ions that attract each other
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What is covalent bonding?
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-sharing of electrons. carbon atoms in diamond and graphite
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What is metallic bonding?
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closely packed, electrons roam
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What is intermolecular bonding?
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covalent bonding, but molecules attracted to each other.
-eg. hydrogen bonds with water |
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What are Van der Waal bonds?
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layers of carbon atoms bonded to each other.
-eg. gecko's ability to walk on ceilings and walls |
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When atoms and ions bond what is formed?
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a mineral, known as a crystal
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How are mineraloids formed?
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when molten rock cools too rapidly (glass, eg. obsidian)
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What factors control mineral formation?
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-relative abundance of minerals
-relative sizes, etc of elements' atoms and ions -temp and pressure at time of formation (higher temp = faster moving molecules) -compositional variation- ionic substitution -structural variation |
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True or false: Color of minerals is a reliable source for identification.
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false
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What are the types of mineral luster?
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-metallic
-vitreous (glassy-like) -earthy |
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What is the hardest mineral? Softest?
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-diamond
-talc |
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What is a mineral's cleavage?
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break along crystal structures where bonds are weakest (eg. table salt has cubic cleavage)
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What is a mineral's fracture?
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jagged irregular surface or conchoidal (quartz). bond strength is equal in all directions
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Can you identify some minerals by smell and taste?
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yes; eg. halite salty, sulfur - containing minerals smell like rotten eggs
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What is a mineral's effervescence?
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calcite with dilute HCL
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What is a mineral's crystal form?
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rosette-shaped barite, needle-shaped stibnite
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What are the most abundant and readily combined elements on earth?
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silicon and oxygen
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What makes up 90% of earth's crust?
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1,000 different silicate minerals
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What are the silicate minerals? (5) and name chains for each.
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-olivine (independent tetrahedra)
-pyroxene (single chains) -amphibole (double chains) -mica (sheet silicates) -framework (framework silicates) |
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What are examples of non-silicate minerals?
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-carbonates
-oxides (oxygen plus a metal, hematite, magnetite, tin, titanium, uranium) -sulfides - metals -sulfates - sheetrock -native elements - usually don't bond well with other elements, size formation, etc (gold, silver, platinum, diamond) -gemstones |
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What isotope is required to make nuclear bombs?
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U-235
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Periodic table and density of rocks.
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Look up!
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What is 95% of earth's outer 30 miles composed of?
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igneous rock
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What are the 4 types of classifications for igneous rock?
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-phaneritic (visible - cooled slow)
-aphanitic (not visible - cooled fast) -porphyritic (mixture) -glassy (obsidian and pumice - cooled extremely fast) |
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What are examples of the dark end (dense) of spectrum for igneous rock? Light end (high silica)?
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-Fe (iron), Mg, and calcium
-potassium and sodium |
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What makes magma more explosive? and why?
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silica because more liquidy and more gases
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Describe pumice.
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-formed from lava flow
-can float in water -has no crystals because they solidfy instantly |
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What is intrusic?
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-plutonic
-cools slowly underground producing coarse-grained |
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What is extrusic?
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-volcanic
-cools rapidly |
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How is magma created?
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-as rocks are heated in earth, not all minerals melt simultaneously. heat breaks bonds between atoms
-pressure will hold crystal structures together. release pressure and melting can occur -even a small amount of water can weaken bonds |
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What is a dike?
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formation from volcano that cuts across rock layers
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What are sills?
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formation from volcano that goes along with rock layers
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What is a volcano?
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landforms created when molten rock escapes from earth's interior thru vent solidifies around those openings
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What are the different statuses of volcanoes?
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-active (below)
-dormant -extinct |
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How many volcanoes are in the US?
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53
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What is pahoehoe lava flow?
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-basaltic
-ropy |
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What is a'a' lava flow?
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-basaltic
-rough or rubbly surface |
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What are the 3 basic types of lava flow?
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-pahoehoe
-a'a' -pillow |
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What is pillow lava flow?
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lava vent coming out below sea water, blobs cooling in sea water
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What are cooling joints (volcanoes)?
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rock continues to cool and shrinks, and develops cracks in it (eg. Devil's Tower)
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What are pyroclastic flows?
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-nuee ardente
-volcanoes put up huge clouds of material. this compresses air which cause lava to flow in a certain direction |
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Describe pyroclastics.
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-explosives - lava hurled in the air
-tephra on cooling - volcanic dust (fine), ash (sand sized), cinders, and bombs -coarsest deposited closest to volcano |
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What is lahar?
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-volcanic mudflow
-pyroclastic eruptions melt snow and ice on volcanic slopes, producing torrents of mud |
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Describe felsic and andesite lava flows.
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-felsic - very strong
-andesite - strong -more viscous than basalt lavas -rarely see ropy structures -impeding gas flow so major erruptions |
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True or false: The shorter the time between erruptions for a volcano, the worse the explosion.
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False; the longer, the worse
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What is mafic magma?
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-magnesium and iron rich
-low viscosity -mantle source - flood basalts and shield cones |
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What is felsic magma?
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-feldspar and silica magmas and viscosities
-mix of sources -trap gas -composite cones -explosive |
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What are harmonic sismic waves?
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initiation of volcano begins
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What are warning signs of a volcano erruption?
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-ground water level changes
-changes in electic properties -earthquakes -increasing/decreasing gas production -peak inflation -volcano deflates |
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What kind of lakes do volcanic erruptions form? and describe them.
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deep lakes with a CO2 source:
-high pressure at depths keeps gas in solution -saturation of gas -some triggering agent -gas boils out - lower density (raises and bubbles) column |
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What super volcano is in the US?
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Yellowstone
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What are stratocones?
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large cylindrical structures built up around a main tubular volcanic vent by more than one eruption. Stratocones can form large mountains and possess a distinctive layering of lava flows and tephra.
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