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136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sexual or Seed Propagation Advantages: |
1.) produces large numbers in a short time period 2.) can handle large numbers easily 3.) produces hybrids |
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Sexual or Seed Propagation Disadvantages: |
1.) some plants produce no viable seed 2.) some are difficult to or slow to germinate 3.) genetic variability due to production of hybrids |
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Asexual or Vegetative Propagation Advantages: |
1.) All offsprings are true to type/clones 2.) Plants that are hard/impossible to propagate 3.) Decrease flowering time |
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Asexual or Vegetative Propagation Disadvantages: |
1.) can only propagate a few from each parent 2.) Requires a lot of labor |
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Pollination |
deposition of pollen on the stigma of the pistil |
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Ploidy |
The number of sets of chromosomes present in the nucleus of the cell |
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Haploid |
1 set of chromosomes |
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Diploid |
2 sets of chromosomes
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Triploid |
3 sets of chromosomes |
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Tetraploid |
4 sets of each chromosome |
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Gamete |
A haploid reproductive cell |
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Fertilization |
the union of one male gamete and one female gamete to produce a zygote |
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Double Fertilization |
union of one male gamete with one female gamete to produce a zygote, plus the union of one male gamete with two polar nuclei to produce an endosperm, occurs in higher plants |
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Apomixis |
Development of embryo w/o fertilization, not true sexual propagation even though it produces a seed |
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Parthenocarpy |
development of fruit without seeds |
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Vivipary |
Germination of seeds inside the fruit while still attached to the parent plant |
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Dry Seeds Dormacy |
1.) Quiescence 2.) Sow in moist environment to overcome 3.) Advantage- seed distribution |
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Seed Coat Dormacy or Hardseededness |
1.) Quiescence 2.) Scarification to overcome 3.) Advantage- seed distribution
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Scarification |
physical or chemical abrasion of seed coat |
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Embryo Rest Seed Dormacy |
1.) Rest 2.) Stratification to overcome 3.) Advantage- germinate after winter in spring |
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Stratification |
Cold (35-40), moist storage for 4-12 weeks |
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Double Dormacy |
1.) both quiescence and rest 2.) Scarification and Stratification to overcome 3.) Advantage- forest fires and eco disasters |
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Chemical Inhibitor caused Dormacy |
1.) Correlated Inhibition 2.) If fleshy, remove fleshy pericarp or test 3.) if pericarp or testa is dry, leach in running water 4.) advantage- so dont sprout in drought, only after heavy rain |
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Immature Embryo Caused Dormacy |
1.) Developmental Dormacy 2.) After Ripening- store for 4-6 weeks under ambient condition 3.) Warm Stratification- warm moist storage 4.) Embryo Culture- excise embryo and put in tissue culture 5.) Advantage- seed distribution |
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Light Requirement caused Dormacy |
1.) Expose to any white light 2.) Expose to any red light 3.) Sow shallow or on surface 4.) advantage- Whether its planted too deep, when see light, they germinate |
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Cutting |
a plant part that when removed from the parent plant and placed under the proper environmental conditions forms adventitious roots |
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How To minimize water loss in cuttings: |
1.) Place in cool, humid area (for leafless cuttings) 2.) Spray with anitranspirants 3.) Place in humidity chamber 4.) Place in intermittent mist system (periodically sprays a fine mist of water on the cuttings) |
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Hormones used on cuttings: |
1.) Auxin- stimulates adventitious root formation 2.) Cytokinin- Stimulates adventitious shoot formation on leaf or root cuttings |
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Leaf Cuttings- Must form Adventitious Shoots and Roots |
1.) leaf bud- will propagate chimera 2.) leaf Petiole- will not Propagate chimera 3.) leaf Blade- will not propagate chimera 4.) leaf section- will not propagate chimera |
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Stem Cuttings-Must form Adventitious Roots |
1.) Hardwood- will propagate chimera 2.) Semi Hardwood- will propagate chimera 3.) Sort or Greenwood- will propagate chimera 4.) herbaceous- Will propagate chimera 5.) Cane- will not propagate chimera |
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Root Cuttings- Must form Adventitious Shoots |
1.) Root Section 3.) Tuberous Root |
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Chimera |
1.) A plant or plant part composed of genetically different layers 2.) Cannot propagate true to type by methods of adventitious shoot |
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L-1 layer of chimera |
1.) Epidermis of all organs 2.) Monocot leaves- L1 contributes to the outermost region of the leaf mesophyll giving rise to a strip along the leaf margin 3.) Dicot leaves- L1 usually gives rise to the colorless epidermis 4.) Dont see layer 1 |
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L-2 layer of chimera |
1.) Stem and roots- outer and inner cortex and some of vascular cylinder 2.) Leaves- mesophyll in outer region of leaf 3.) Mutated layer |
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L-3 layer of Chimera |
1.) Stem and roots- inner cortex, vascular cylinder and pith 2.) Leaves- mesophyll in central region of leaf 3.) Center, Green |
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Layering |
1.) a propagation technique where roots are formed prior to the stem being removed from the parent plant 2.) More plants can be modified by this way 3.) Do chimera this way to propagate true to type |
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Layering monocots |
1.) Cut slit 1/3 way into the stem at angle |
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Types of layering
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1.) Air layer- stem in air, remove ring of bark, wrap in peat moss, cover it with plastic, wrap foil around plastic. Do this to grow big and fast 2.) Simple layer- bury tip of stem below ground, leave tip exposed above ground a little bit 3.) Tip layer- Bury tip, leave none above ground 4.) Serpentine layer- bury stem of plants in a bunch of places 5.) Trench layer 6.) Mound layer- Mound soil around base of plant |
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Grafting |
1.) the joining of separate plant parts together, such that they form a union and grow as one plant |
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Scion |
1.) Upper part of the graft that becomes the shoot system of the new plant 2.) Will become top of the new plant 3.) Cambium is healing meristem, that attaches 2 plants
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Stock |
1.) the lower part of the graft that becomes the root system of the new plant |
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Budding |
A type of grafting where the scion is just a bud piece or small chip of wood with a bud attached. Only graft one bud
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Reasons for grafting:
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1.) Plants cannot be propagated by other means 2.) Decrease time to flowering and fruiting 3.) Obtain desirable characteristics or rootstock 4.) Change Variety 5.) Special Forms 6.) Repair Damage 7.) Virus indexing |
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prerequisite for grafting
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must match cambium of stock with cambium of scion |
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Factors affecting Success of grafting or budding: |
1.) Plant type- Can only graft dicots and gymno. 2.) Plant relationship- within species most successful 3.) Incompatibility- sometimes graft or bud rejected 4.) Season and growth state- best when cambium is active 5.) Environment- proper temperature |
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Types of grafting used to repair damage:
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1.) Inarching- To replace damaged root system 2.) Bridge Graft- to repair damaged trunk 3.) Brace Graft- so support weak branches |
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Types of grafting used when scion and stock are approx. the same size: |
1.) Whip or tongue grafting 2.) Splice Grafting 3.) Saddle grafting |
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Types of grafting used when scion is smaller than stock:
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1.) Side Graft 2.) Cleft Graft 3.) Wedge, notch or saw kerf graft 4.) Bark or bark inlay graft 5.) Approach Graft 6.) Topworking |
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Types of budding when bark is splitting:
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1.) T Bud 2.) Inverted T Bud 3.) I Bud 4.) Patch Bud 5.) Ring Bud 6.) Flute Bud |
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Types of budding used when bark is not splitting: |
1.) chip bud |
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Pruning |
Removal of plant parts, branches, shoot tips, buds, roots, etc. |
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Dehorning |
1.) heavy drastic pruning of large limbs 2.) Should be avoided at all times 3.) also called pollarding |
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thinning out and its uses |
removal of branches back to their point of origin Used to: 1.) Decrease Density of the canopy 2.) Encourage other branches to grow and rejuvenate plant 3.) redirected growth
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heading back and its uses |
removal of the terminal portions of branch Used to: 1.) Increase Density of the Canopy 2.) Increase Branching |
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pinching |
removal of the young, succulent tips of the shoots |
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hedging |
removal of growth flushes on hedges or shrubs to shape canopy and induce dense growth |
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disbudding |
removal of excessive flower buds on the flowering pot plants |
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root pruning |
pruning of roots, usually with a shovel, to prepare plant for transplanting |
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Objectives of pruning: |
1.) Health and Safety 2.) Maintain Desired form 3.) dwarfing 4.) invigoration 5.) increase productivity 6.) equalize root/shoot ratio 7.) Develop strong branch framework |
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topiary |
1.) pruning to produce a 3D design or form
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espalier |
1.) pruning to produce a 2D design or form |
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Wide (y) Crotch angle pruning |
1.) very strong 2.) Select for when pruning |
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narrow (v) crotch angle pruning |
1.) Very weak 2.) Selectively prune-out |
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Target Pruning |
1.) Incorrect method- tears bark 2.) Correct method for wide crotch angle- cut 3 is from top of bark ridge to top of branch collar 3.) Correct method for narrow crotch angle- cut 3 is to base of bark inclusion |
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Factors to consider on when to prune: |
1.) growth state 2.) susceptibility to winter injury 3.) Time of flower bud formation on flowering plants 4.) transplanting |
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best Growth state factors of pruning |
best when inactive or dormant
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pruning a plant with susceptibility to winter injury |
1.) Prune after cold of winter 2.) remove all winter killed tissue 3.) allow for some spring growth
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pruning a plant that has spring flowering growth |
Flowers on last years growth, prune right after flowering in spring and before new buds form |
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pruning a plant to transplant |
1.) pruning should equalize root/ shoot ratio 2.) to equalize ratio: a.) thin out immediately after transplanting b.) root prune before transplanting |
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Chemical Pinching agents |
Chemicals that selectively kill or disrupt shoot tips to remove apical dominance 1.) Atrinal 2.) Off-Shoot-0 3.) Maleic Hydrazide 4.) Emgard 2007 |
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Pest |
any undesirable organism that is injurious to plants, directly or indirectly |
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3 Prerequisites of pest damage or infection |
1.) plant susceptible to pest 2.) Pest present 3.) proper environment that favors pest
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Pest damage control |
1.) plant resistance (genetic) 2.) Proper environment for plant, unfavorable for pest 3.) Eliminate pest |
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genetic resistance |
ideal method of pest damage control, the plant itself keeps pests away or kills pests
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proper environment - pest damage control |
1.) favorable for plants 2.) Unfavorable for pests |
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ways to Eliminate pests |
1.) quarantine- usually gov. imposed 2.) Sanitation-wash pots and tools 3.) Physical Control- bug traps, screens, sticky boards.. 4.) Biological control- use one organism to control other 5.) Pesticides- chemicals used to control pest |
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Integrated Pest Management |
the use of all strategies of pest damage control to minimize the economic impacts of pests. |
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Totipotency |
every cell in a plant had the inherent genetic ability to reproduce the entire plant |
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true to type |
identical to the parent |
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clone |
group of plants, cultivar, or variety derived from the same parent plant by asexual (vegetative) propogation |
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tissue culture |
asexual propogation technique that grows tissue rapidly in nutrients and hormones to produce large numbers of new plants. sometimes called micropropogation |
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Sexual life cycle of higher plants - female |
ovule megasporangia 2N -> megaspore mother cell 2N -> 3 megaspores abort, 1 megaspore 1N -> embryo sac of ovule (egg) containing antipodal, polar, synergid, and egg nuclei -> zygote 2N |
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Sexual life cycle of higher plants - male |
anther microsporangia 2N -> microspore mother cell 2N -> 4 microspores (1N) -> pollen grains 1N containing sperm and tube nuclei -> zygote 2N |
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Air layering |
stem in air, remove ring of bark, wrap in peat moss, cover it with plastic, wrap foil around plastic. Do this to grow big and fast |
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Simple layering |
bury tip of stem below ground, leave tip exposed above ground a little bit |
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Tip layering |
Bury tip, leave none above ground |
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Serpentine layering |
bury stem of plants in a bunch of places |
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Trench layering |
laying a tree on its side and holding it to the ground so shoots grow up from it |
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Mound layering |
Mound soil around base of plant |
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Inarching |
To replace damaged root system. Add new stems to old stem to create new root systems |
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Bridge Graft |
to repair damaged trunk. use connecting stems from below damage to above damage |
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Brace Graft |
to support weak branches. connect branches that are close together to support the weaker one |
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Whip or tongue grafting |
used when scion and stock are the same size. make rigid cut that looks like mountains and stick them together by locking contours into place |
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Splice Grafting |
used when scion and stock are the same size. make angled cuts through entire stem and stick them together |
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Saddle grafting |
used when scion and stock are the same size. cut scion and stock in upside down u shape and fit them together |
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side graft |
used when scion is smaller than stock. cut notch into side and stick scion into notch |
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cleft graft |
used when scion is smaller than stock. cut a cleft into the top of the stem and place scion on cambium of both sides |
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wedge, notch, or saw-kerf graft |
used when scion is smaller than stock. cut nicks in the sides and put scion into each nick |
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bark or bark inlay graft |
used when scion is smaller than stock. peel bark from a side and stick scion in |
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approach graft |
used when scion is smaller than stock. sit two plants next to each other and graft them together. once they heal, cut the top off one and the bottom off the other |
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topworking |
used when scion is smaller than stock. grafting onto every branch so that the tree is essentially the new variety |
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t bud |
used when bark is slipping. cut a t into stock and slip bud in |
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inverted t bud |
used when bark is slipping. cut an inverted t into stock and slip bud in |
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I bud |
used when bark is slipping. cut a capital i into stock and slip bud in |
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patch bud |
used when bark is slipping. cut a square out of stock and replace square containing bud |
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ring bud |
used when bark is slipping. cut ring of bark away and replace with ring of bark containing bud |
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flute bud |
used when bark is slipping. cut almost all the way around the stock similarly to ring bud, but not quite all the way, and replace missing bark with bark containing new bud |
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chip bud |
used when bark is not slipping. cut a chip out of stock and replace with chip containing bud |
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pruning a plant that has summer or fall flowering |
flower on current years growth, best to prune after cold of winter and before new growth starts in spring |
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allelopathy |
secretion of chemicals by one plant that retards the growth of surrounding plants |
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contact pesticide |
spray it on pests to kill them |
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systemic pesticide |
spray it on plants, plant absorbs |
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stomach poison |
dust powder on leaves, kills pest |
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Class insecta |
6 legs, 3 body regions (head, thorax, abdomen), antennae, wings (may be reduced or vestigial) |
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order Hemeptera (homoptera) |
order of insecta. characterized by sucking mouth parts that extract phloem sap, secretion of honey dew that causes sooty mold that includes aphids, mealybugs, scales, and whitefly |
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aphid |
sucking mouth part, small soft bodies, green brown or black, ants may farm them, cluster around growing points |
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mealybugs |
sucking mouth parts, soft bodies covered with cottony waxy filaments, if in large groups they become sedentary and form a waterproof waxy cover |
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scales |
sucking mouth parts, covered by a hard shell, stay sedentary and stick their shell to the plant |
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whitefly |
immature-sucking mouth parts, translucent ovals under the leaf. adults-don't do much damage, white flies |
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thrips |
rasping-sucking mouth parts, scrape a layer of leaf and eat it, cause brown translucent windows in leaves |
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leaf miner |
bore meandering tunnels through leaves |
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caterpillar |
chewing mouth parts, eat whole tissue, leave droppings |
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grub or borer |
larva of beetles, feed on roots, bore into wood of stems |
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beetle |
chewing mouth parts, eat whole tissue |
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grasshopper |
chewing mouth parts, eat whole tissue |
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weevil |
feed on grain storage |
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class arachnia |
8 legs, 2 body parts (cephalothorax, abdomen), no antennae or wings |
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spider mite, red spider, spotted mite |
very small, cause fine yellow speckling on leaves where they feed, form webs when severe |
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nematodes |
eel or wire worms |
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root-knot nematode |
bore into roots and cause swollen, knotted appearance |
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mollusk |
snails and slugs- chew young plant parts, leave slime trails |
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fungi |
damage-brown spots or fungal hair |
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bacteria |
damage-mushy, ringed legions |
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virus |
damage-yellow mosaic or mottling |
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types of nuclei in embryo sac of ovule in females |
antipodal, polar, synergid, egg |
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types of nuclei in pollen grains in males |
sperm, tube |